Titlebook: Ophthalmic Signs in Practice of Medicine; Amod Gupta,Reema Bansal,Arun Kapil Textbook 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

Solace

ce of individual ophthalmic signs and their context to sensitize the physicians, both the graduates and postgraduates in training, residents and fellows in ophthalmology, family medicine and internal me978-981-99-7925-7978-981-99-7923-3

Alcove

Retinal Capillary Microaneurysmshysicians or stereoscopic biomicroscopy by ophthalmologists. Ancillary investigations like fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) reveal many more MAs than are clinically evident. The MAs lack tight junction proteins, a hallmark of the retinal vessels. Fluid and macromolecular leakage from the MAs res

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Synapse

Retinal Cotton Wool Spotsial pressure in this area may result in the occlusion of the deep capillary plexus with resultant ischaemia of the inner nuclear layer and the outer plexiform layer. Clinically, these appear as areas of pale opacification of the retina that typically lack feathery edges. The overlying retinal vessel

Eulogy

Retinal Hard Exudates be differentiated from cotton wool spots (soft exudates) and retinal drusen. The availability of optical coherence tomography has enabled us to see the forme fruste of hard exudates as hyperreflective foci (HF) in various retina layers. These represent the phagocytosis of the leaked lipoproteins by

朋党派系

Retinal Haemorrhages, paroxysmal nocturnal hematuria, hypertension, sepsis, and meningitis, may manifest in the retina as haemorrhages. White-centred retinal haemorrhages signify elevated leucocytes, and leukaemia must be ruled out in such children. Megaloblastic anaemia caused by a combined deficiency of vitamin B12 a

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New Vessels on the Optic Disc and Elsewhere in the Retinapathophysiology of these blinding disorders. Hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression is at the root of pathological retinal neovascularization. Many anti-VEGF agents dramatically regress the pathological retinal new vessels, albeit temporarily. Monthly intravitreal i

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Retinal Arteriolar Changes in Hypertension and Arteriolosclerosisf the retinal arterioles may suggest systemic peripheral arteriolar resistance that underlies the onset of essential hypertension. Artificial intelligence-based tools are being developed to predict end-organ damage from retinal photographs before it happens. Among the changes being studied are the w

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