Titlebook: Neuroimmunology; Multiple Sclerosis, Amanda L. Piquet,Enrique Alvarez Book 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Neuroimmunology.Multip

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Natural History of Multiple Sclerosisas well as a neurodegenerative component. The natural history of the disease has changed favorably over time with the advent of efficacious disease modifying therapies (DMTs) that prevent or limit inflammatory disease activity. In this chapter, we discuss the various phenotypes of MS and their indiv

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Pathology of Multiple SclerosisS). Demyelination involves both white and gray matter regions. Neurodegeneration, mediated by oxidative tissue injury and energy failure, correlates with disability worsening more significantly than white matter (WM) lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an invaluable tool but has limitations

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Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis and Environmental Risk Factorsviduals of all ages, including children. Global estimates suggest that between 2.0 and 2.3 million people are living with MS worldwide. There is a marked latitudinal gradient in the prevalence across the globe, with increasing rates further from the equator. Despite substantial efforts, the etiology

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Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Encephalitisoantibody serology in clinical practice and the recognition of novel autoantibody biomarkers. Their incidence is comparable to viral encephalitides. The cellular location of the respective antigen specificity gives us insight into the pathophysiology of these diseases (B-cell- versus T-cell-mediated

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Autoimmune Epilepsyune seizures or epilepsy usually presents with a subacute onset of refractory seizures along with cognitive, behavioral, or psychiatric dysfunction. Leucine-rich glioma protein1 (LGI-1), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD 65) are the most common immunoglo

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Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Movement Disordersl neurologic process. Autoantibody targets are diverse, and the clinical spectrum is wide and encompasses multiple categories such as ataxia, hyperkinetic, and hypokinetic disorders. Autoimmune movement disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis for all movement disorder phenotypes

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