Titlebook: Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics; Genetic and Environm David D. Eisenstat,Dan Goldowitz,Jerome Y. Yager Textbook 2023 Springer Nature Switzerl

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Neurotrophins and Cell Deathonnections between them refined via tightly controlled cell death. Cell death is regulated by a family of secreted proteins known as the neurotrophins. The four members of this family, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT-

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Synaptogenesis appropriate partners, but they also must acquire the appropriate properties to serve their particular functions in the circuit. The establishment of mature neuronal connectivity depends on coordinated activity of many individual molecules, any of which could potentially be altered by genetic variat

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Myelinationhe central nervous system, myelin sheaths are produced by oligodendrocytes subsequent to the activation of several genes, including the . and . transcription factors and . and . encoding proteins that make up the myelin sheath and which also play roles in oligodendrocyte development from oligodendro

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The Impact of an Adverse Intrauterine Environment on Neurodevelopmentammation. Notably, chorioamnionitis, hypoxia-ischemia, placental insufficiency, and certain toxins, such as opioids and alcohol, can catalyze a pro-inflammatory intrauterine microenvironment and facilitate inflammatory signal transduction through the maternal–placental–fetal brain axis. Both molecul

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Stress as a Determinant of Neurodevelopmental Outcomes8% of all pregnancies, can shift the neurodevelopmental trajectory resulting in altered behaviour and neuroendocrine function in offspring after birth. Notably, affected infants and children exhibit modified HPA axis function, most often showing elevated cortisol levels in both basal and stimulated

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The History of Autism Spectrum Disordereatures of ASD are found within historical texts, as well as oral histories across regions and cultures. These core features have persisted throughout the evolution of our understanding of the condition. In a medical model, autism was first conceptualized in the early twentieth century within the fi