Titlebook: Natural Resources and Divergence; A Comparison of Ande Cristián Ducoing,José Peres-Cajías Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The A

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,Copper Prices and Heterogeneity: The Chilean and Norwegian Cases, 1850–1913,mption that copper is a homogeneous and standard product, and therefore it has one single international price, in the real world many different qualities as well as levels of processing were included into the production of each particular country, changing it also over time. Those varieties of coppe

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,The “Fiscal Contract” in Andean and Nordic Countries, 1850–2010,ming and nature of four tax transitions: the repeal of the . taxes and their replacement with liberal ones, the decline of trade taxes, the expansion of income taxation, and finally the appearance of general consumption taxes. Through the chapter, the emphasis is on the introduction and development

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Oil and Industry in Norway and Brazil, Brazils early effort to create a local offshore oil-related industry almost collapsed in the mid-1990s, while Norwegian suppliers actually won a substantial part of the Brazilian market in the following 2000s oil boom. The different outcomes became once more visible when renewed efforts to get a st

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压倒性胜利

,Copper Prices and Heterogeneity: The Chilean and Norwegian Cases, 1850–1913,n though both regions exported similar commodities at the beginning of the nineteenth century, how similar were they really? In this article, we analyse the copper exportation of Chile and Norway in order to see small differences that can have made a difference in the long-run evolution of these two

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cyanosis

,The “Fiscal Contract” in Andean and Nordic Countries, 1850–2010, contract”: because tax revenues are in some degree voluntary, citizens who pay them would expect state services in return, and have incentives and leverage to fiscalise the use of public funds. The structure of payments could therefore impact both the direction and efficiency of state spending. We