Titlebook: Measurements in Musculoskeletal Radiology; Victor N. Cassar-Pullicino,A. Mark Davies Book 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Sprin

TRUST

Foot and Ankle: Paediatric Measurementsssion with effects at the knee and the hip. Adaptation requires flexibility, and only during weight bearing or simulated weight bearing will the configuration of the bony skeleton allowed by the constraints of the ligamentous structures become apparent.

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Computed Tomographyumes can be estimated from the measured dimensions of the tissue in question or by summing the product of cross-sectional area measurements and slice spacing. CT number measurement gives rise to tissue density estimation, the accuracy of which can be improved by dual-energy scan techniques.

Intervention

Condyle

Pelvis/Hip: Adultults of treatment. Most of the measurements are performed on plain radiographs. CT and MRI can provide additional measurements due to their capability for detailed anatomic depiction in multiple planes. Regarding each measurement, it is important to know its reproducibility and clinical relevance.

Manifest

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The Radiographof surgical intervention if indeed any. They also are often used for measuring distances and angles in musculoskeletal work to assist in the planning of management including surgery. There are inherent advantages in using radiographs for such measurements, but there are also certain limitations ofte

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ELATE

Computer-Assisted Quantificationbone structure in the form of a “virtual biopsy” is possible with micro-CT systems and, for in vivo investigations, with high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpqCT) (Rügsegger et al. 1996). Semiautomated and later fully automated measurements of the skeleton is a further app

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NATTY

Shoulderof the implanted prosthesis. Cross-sectional imaging (CT and MRI) has also been used to provide accurate measurement of important structures such as the glenoid and acromion, whose morphology is difficult to ascertain with conventional radiography. These techniques along with ultrasound also provide