Titlebook: Marx and Nature; A Red and Green Pers Paul Burkett Book 1999 Paul Burkett 1999 capitalism.communism.ecology.environment.Karl Marx.marxism

技术

补助

充满人

Requirements of a Social Ecologyism, and communism. The four requirements of a social ecology provide a structure from which some crucial elements of Marx’s approach can be informally introduced as an overview for the subsequent chapters.. Chapters 2 through 4 then provide a more formal synopsis of the natural and social features

LAPSE

Nature, Labor, and Productions materialist conception of history. This chapter provides a broad outline of the natural and social elements in Marx’s historical materialism, whereas Chapters 3 and 4 present in detail Marx’s treatment of natural and human productive forces.

逗留

The Natural Basis of Labor Productivity and Surplus Labority both transhistorically and under capitalism. Not only is labor power itself a natural force (see Chapter 4), but “material wealth, the world of use values, exclusively consists of natural materials modified by labor” (Marx, 1988, 40). “Different use-values contain very different proportions of l

无能力

Labor and Labor Power as Natural and Social Forcesndividual and collective human labors take place and evolve in and through definite social relations. Human production is thus constituted jointly by social production relations and the material characteristics of nature itself (see Chapter 2). Marx often emphasizes the jointly material and social c

泛滥

Nature, Labor, and Capitalist Productioneed-satisfying, activities entailing appropriation from nature. This allocation involves specific social relations in and through which each portion of society’s total work-time is integrated into a division of labor enmeshed with natural conditions.. Under capitalism, the division of labor takes th

FECT

Capital’s “Free Appropriation” of Natural and Social Conditionsture, one finds assertions that Marx treats natural conditions as valueless, costless, and/or effectively limitless, with no real allowance for natural resource scarcity. Deléage (1994, 48), for example, posits that Marx’s labor theory of value “attributes no intrinsic value to natural resources.” S

Mitigate

Capitalism and Nature: A Value-Form Approachined productive powers of labor and nature. This separation and combined development, with its increasingly complex and technologically advanced social division of labor, loosens the constraints placed on production by particular natural conditions. It does so, however, only by broadening and deepen

conformity

Reconsidering Some Ecological Criticisms of Marx’s Value Analysisitics who fault Marx for not ascribing value to nature should redirect their criticisms to capitalism itself. Generally speaking, these critics fail to appreciate the historical and social-relational aspect of Marx’s theory—that value as a specifically capitalist form of wealth does not represent Ma