Titlebook: Long-Term Studies in Ecology; Approaches and Alter Gene E. Likens (Director) Book 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York 1989 ecolog

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Concluding Remarkspiece of this book). This statement presents a goal for ecologists, one that is critical if we are to achieve meaningful input and find rational solutions to the management of complex natural ecosystems. This challenge will be empty, however, without action and dedication to make the partnership a r

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How Can the Various Approaches to Studying Long-Term Ecological Phenomena Be Integrated to Maximize We began by listing the various techniques available to study long-term ecological phenomena. These also were discussed in some detail in the plenary talks and include the following:

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How Far in Space and Time Can the Results from a Single Long-Term Study be Extrapolated?The group’s charge was to examine the limits to, and opportunities for, extrapolation from existing long-term studies. Thus, we take the existence of a long-term study as a given, and do not evaluate the relative advantages of long- versus short- term studies.

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Retrospective Studiesssed the same sorts of problems as long-term studies. These include obtaining baseline data for comparison with modern observations, observing very slow processes, and measuring community and ecosystem responses to rare events (Strayer et al., 1986).

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Space-for-Time Substitution as an Alternative to Long-Term Studiesor-time substitution, assumes that spatial and temporal variation are equivalent. Although this assumption has been challenged, studies continue to rely on space-for-time substitution due to necessity or convenience.