Titlebook: Latin American Foreign Policies towards the Middle East; Actors, Contexts, an Marta Tawil Kuri Book 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and

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Between Continuity and Change: Relations Between Costa Rica and the Middle East,ter 2006 have contributed to more balanced, realistic, and consequent attitudes in comparison to historic principles of Costa Rican foreign policy. Despite all this, the authors consider that a definition of the country’s foreign policy toward the Middle East is still a work in progress.

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,Venezuela and the Middle East Under Hugo Chávez (1999–2013): Strategic Continuities and Ideologicaln policy and increased the strategic importance of the region for Venezuela. This resulted in alliances with Iran and Syria, animosity toward Israel, a commitment toward the Palestinian cause and working relationships with the Gulf Cooperation Council monarchies and Egypt.

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,Bolivia’s Foreign Policy Toward the Middle East (2000–2015): Promoting a Populist and Radical Agendsitions opposed to US policy. The Middle East provided a geopolitical arena where Bolivia could challenge the reactionary global order of US hegemony, and champion its revolutionary causes, thereby enhancing Bolivia’s importance and autonomy as an international actor, and legitimating revolution at home.

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Nicaraguan Foreign Policy Toward the Middle East,ology. Ortega has been able to exercise considerable agency in expanding relations with Middle East nations due to changes in domestic and international structures. Although maintaining close relations with Iran and Syria, he has also expanded relations with Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and others.

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Ecuador and the Middle East: Counter-Hegemony, Anti-interventionism and Sovereign Wealth Funds,associated with the needs of Ecuador’s primary economy. The article looks at several cases, Ecuador’s engagement with Iran, its positioning toward the Arab Spring and relations with the Gulf Monarchies and Israel.