Titlebook: Keratoconus; Diagnosis and Treatm Sujata Das Book 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer

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Pathophysiology and Histopathology of Keratoconus,understand about this disease being multifactorial in origin. The origins of the disease are determined only partly by genetic factors, and it appears to have a complex pathogenesis. The progression and association have been noted with environmental stimuli and coexisting ocular disease such as alle

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Clinical Diagnosis of Keratoconus,of symptoms and laterality. Past ocular history of patients with keratoconus may reveal progressively worsening spectacle-corrected visual acuity, and patients may have required hard contact lenses to optimize vision. Impaired contact lens tolerance is indicative of severe disease, and these patient

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Classifications and Patterns of Keratoconus,have been recently devised. The improved diagnostic modalities consider various parameters such as the anterior and posterior corneal curvatures and thickness measurements, not only at the apex of the cone but also at the thinnest points. The newer staging systems for keratoconus seem to better refl

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Keratoconus in Children,cidence is higher in certain ethnic groups like in Arabs and Indians. Inflammation, ocular allergy, vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), eye rubbing, and sleeping in prone position have been proven to be risk factors of progression in children. Multiple genes have been mapped, and KC has been seen in

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Allergic Eye Disease and Keratoconus,ses are of major significance. The commonly proposed pathogenesis includes the release of inflammatory mediators due to eye rubbing which may alter the corneal collagen and lead to corneal ectasia. The disease onset is often early in cases with atopy, and routine corneal tomography is able to detect

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Corneal Cross-Linking in Keratoconus,efined by the “Dresden protocol” which specified that keratoconic corneas ≥400 μm in thickness could be saturated in 0.1% riboflavin (after epithelial cell debridement), then irradiated with 365–370 nm ultraviolet (UV)-A energy at an intensity of 3 mW/cm. UV-A irradiation for 30 min to deliver a tot