Titlebook: Johannes von Kries: Principles of the Probability Calculus; A Logical Investigat Keith K. Niall Book 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and

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On the History of Probability Theory,ts of probability, rather than tracing general advances in methods. Pragmatic value is central at first, and probability is soon applied to the calculation of annuities. The significance of the probability calculus is thought to be very broad, as a ‘general logic of uncertainty’. The greatest of hop

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The Meaning of Probability Statements,insufficient reason). Two examples are given to reinforce these claims: the probability of a meteor striking the earth’s surface, and the probability that terrestrial elements exist on a distant star.

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The Special Theory of Probability,nds. The notion of a normal distribution is introduced, by the example of series of draws from an urn. Different procedures for the draws are introduced to illustrate hypernormal and hyponormal dispersion for distributions. Hyponormal dispersion occurs when successive cases are not independent.

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Varieties of Numeric Probability,yes’s rule. Yet Bayes’s rule is applied frequently in inappropriate situations, where probabilities are combined more or less arbitrarily. That can lead to meaningless or incorrect statements of probability.

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