Titlebook: Ivermectin and Abamectin; William C. Campbell Book 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1989 chemistry.crop protection.development.drug.fish

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Toxicologymectin differs from ivermectin only in the bond between carbons 22 and 23; abamectin has a double bond where ivermectin has a single bond and additional hydrogens on C-22 and C-23 (Figure 6.1). Both compounds are a mixture of homologous products with B. and B. components. The B. component differs ch

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Pharmacokinetics of Ivermectin in Animals and Humans in a wide variety of hosts—including cattle, sheep, dogs, swine, and horses. A previous review of ivermectin has described the effects of formulation and route of administration on its pharmacokinetic properties in animals (Lo .. 1985). That publication included examples of formulation modification

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Metabolism and Tissue Residueshe therapeutic agent, or tissue residue, is a safety concern to the meat-consuming public. To evaluate the toxic potential of the residual tissue concentration of ivermectin and its metabolites, metabolism studies have been carried out in target species (cattle, sheep, swine) using the radiolabeled

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Chemical Assay for Ivermectin in Edible Tissuess after the administration of the drug. In the case of ivermectin this was a particular analytical challenge. Because ivermectin is very potent, it is dosed at quite low levels, typically 0.2 mg/kg: hence the residues, even immediately following dosing, are in the parts per billion (ppb) level. Furt

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Safety of Ivermectin in Target Animalsdent investigators in universities and other research institutions. In many instances anticipated commercial formulations were studied, but during early development and when excessive dosing demanded, alternative or more concentrated formulations were used. The various test formulations were compare

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Environmental Aspects of Ivermectin Usage in Livestock: General Considerationsic drug for food-producing animals. The analytical studies were designed to determine whether using ivermectin in animals would result in any harmful or undesirable effects on the environment. These studies measured ivermectin’s physical properties and its mobility, distribution, and stability in so

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Environmental Aspects of Abamectin Use in Crop Protectionchemical is applied—pattern, rate, and frequency—as well as its persistence in the environment. Humans can control all these parameters save the last. A chemical’s persistence is determined by its physicochemical properties: half-life in soil and water, photolytic stability, and soil-binding ability

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Use of Ivermectin in Horsesincrement represents the amount of drug needed for 250 lb (114 kg) of body weight at the rate of 200 .g/kg. Each syringe contains enough paste to treat one mature horse. The syringe sold in international markets is calibrated to deliver the amount of drug needed for 100 kg (220 lb) of body weight at