Titlebook: Interoperating Geographic Information Systems; Michael Goodchild,Max Egenhofer,Cliff Kottman Book 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New

阻挠

粗野

municipality

Changing Focus on Interoperability in Information Systems:From System, Syntax, Structure to Semanticges in the emerging global information infrastructure (GII). It divides the research into three generations, and discusses some of achievements of the past. Finally, as we move from managing data to information, and in future knowledge, the need for achieving semantic interoperability is discussed and key components of solutions are introduced.

Radiation

Supporting Interoperation of GIS Objectsd automatically by the DOMS software, and is of no concern to the user. Also, via the notion of strongly-typed object interfaces, type checking is also performed automatically at compile time to ensure that correct argument types are passed between interoperating GIS objects.

同步左右

Interoperability of Geographic Information: From the Spreadsheet to Virtual Environmentsoses a constant need to upgrade the spatial functions and data structures available. This creates an exponential growth in software complexity. In the long term the user depends on data and software standards and needs constant upgrades to training.

Repetitions

Information Brokers for a Web-Based Geographic Information Systeme created, which can be situated in the best part of the Internet for their user community. This overcomes a major problem with current geographic metadata servers, where a server in America becomes unusable from Europe at most times of the European working day.

compassion

Introduction: Systems and Experiences, the tools so carefully crafted for the general case are often revealed to be too slow, too weak, or too narrow for immediate use in particular real world applications. That is, each project exposes the need for new software implementations for what should be routine applications.

清晰

阐明

Prostatism

IRIS: A Tool to Support Data Analysis with Mapsally referenced data cannot be effectively analyzed without representing them on maps. However, a number of different presentation techniques exist, and selection of proper techniques in accord with data characteristics is crucial for successful analysis. An improperly designed map can be unhelpful or even mislead the user into wrong conclusions.