Titlebook: International Norms and the Resort to War; Gregory A. Raymond Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive l

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Introduction: Order Without Leviathan,within which national leaders interact sets the tone for politics among nations. This chapter compares two variations on Rousseau’s allegory of the stag hunt to illustrate how different normative contexts affect the prospects for cooperating under anarchy.

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Normative Constraints on the Recourse to War,s confine military action to self-defense, although what constitutes self-defense remains a matter of debate. This chapter traces changes since the Congress of Vienna in what have been considered legitimate justifications for resorting to war.

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The Durability of Restrictive Normative Orders, will happen, we can forecast how current trends might develop and use those projections to create scenarios depicting plausible alternative futures. This chapter discusses several scenarios under which a more war-prone, permissive normative order could arise in the years ahead.

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Necessity as a Defense for Breaching the Norms of War,a more narrow, restrictive interpretation. This chapter examines changes over the past two centuries in the degree of normative support for invoking necessity as a justification for violating the laws of war.

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Classifying International Normative Orders,s then used to investigate the correlates of each type of normative order. The results indicate that while the distribution of power within the state system is unrelated to the orientation of war-initiation norms, high levels of rivalry are associated with periods of normative permissiveness.

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Conclusion: Order Within Anarchy,process that affects the probability of serious interstate disputes escalating to war. The chapter also considers possible errors of commission and omission in the analysis and then concludes by offering recommendations for future research.