Titlebook: Industrial Policy in Europe, Japan and the USA; Amounts, Mechanisms Pierre-André Buigues,Khalid Sekkat Book 2009 Palgrave Macmillan, a div

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装勇敢地做

Public Procurementactivities. Although there is some degree of uncertainty over the total size of public procurement,. the estimates vary significantly between the European Union (EU) Member states, ranging from 11% to 20% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and on average about 16% of GDP for the EU.

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Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2009

从容

CAGE

BIBLE

https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244351business; economy; Germany; Japan; USA

FAZE

Cases for Public Support: Market FailuresMarket failures refer to situations where market forces fail to fulfil their ‘responsibility’ of the optimal allocation of resources. They may be due to information imperfection, externalities, or imperfect competition and may justify public intervention. In this chapter we discuss the three kinds of market failures.

使混合

Subsidies and State AidIn Chapter 4, we discussed the issues raised by the multiplicity of definitions and measurements of subsidies and state aid. This section combines the various sources to try to get the more reliable data for a comparison between public supports. It also examines whether national public support reports are the best way to approach economic reality.

同时发生

Public Support in the United States’We don’t do industrial policy,’ asserted John Sununu, former White House Chief of Staff and now member of the US Senate (Fong, 2000). This statement illustrates the difficulties one has to face when studying public support (to use a softer term than industrial policy) to industry in the US.