Titlebook: Iberian Military Politics; Controlling the Arme José Javier Olivas Osuna Book 2014 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers L

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History of Contemporary Civil-Military Relations in Portugalhis convoluted period of over a 100 years, the military took a leading role in the process of redefining political power (Mascarenhas 1982; Gallagher 1983; Caeiro 1997). The level of military participation in politics is reflected in the number of military uprisings or ‘pronunciamentos’, by their in

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The Estado Novo’s Tools of Governmentintroduced in Chapter 2. It outlines the most significant tools and the main trajectories observed in their usage from 1933 to 1974. Although there is evidence of the utilisation of all categories and subcategories of policy instruments, the relative magnitude in which they were employed clearly dif

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Tools of Government in the Portuguese Transition to Democracyft-wing coup d’etat of November 1975, which marked the consolidation of the MFA-Moderates and the abandonment of the radical revolutionary agenda, the pattern of utilisation of most of the basic resources underwent important transformations. The coercive . instruments (Section 5.1) and . tools (Sect

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Conclusions democratic periods. This monograph has identified and compared the combinations of tools and their evolution, paying special attention to the impact of some past macro-historical events and environmental factors. For that endeavour, this book has relied on historical research of multiple primary an

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North and the Christian-dominated South, in addition to the on-going clash between the government and the Boko Haram Islamist insurgents in the North Eastern States. Acts of terror instigated by the two conflicting belief systems (Igbo religion and Christianity) are a noteworthy focus in Chinua Ach