Titlebook: Hypertension and Hormone Mechanisms; Robert M. Carey (David A. Harrison III Distinguish Book 2007 Humana Press 2007 Angiotensin II.aldoste

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Aldosterone and Vascular Damagecuses on the adverse effects of aldosterone on the cardiovascular system, kidney, and brain in humans and animals, and describes our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms for this injury.

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Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Hypertensionsynthesized primarily in neuronal tissues. α-CGRP is prevalent in the central nervous system and in the peripheral sensory neural network. β-CGRP is also prevalent in the central nervous system, but peripherally is common in intestinal neurons (.–.). However, the biological activities of both peptides are similar in most vascular beds.

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The Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin Systemey. In this chapter, we will briefly review the current understanding of the intrarenal RAS and discuss how its inappropriate activation alters the capability of the kidney to maintain an adequate sodium and fluid balance at normal arterial pressures, thus setting the stage for the development of hypertension.

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Angiotensin AT2 Receptors in Blood Pressure Regulationn highly specific nonpeptide Ang II receptor antagonists revealed two distinct receptor subtypes, termed AT. and AT. (.–.). AT. receptors were defined as those selectively inhibited by biphenylimidazoles (prototype losartan), whereas AT. receptors were blocked with tetrahydroimidazopyridines (prototype PD-123319) (.,.).

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Role of Endothelin-1 in Hypertensionhe peptide that appears to be the more important ET produced by vascular cells. Secreted by endothelial cells abluminally toward underlying smooth muscle cells, it acts in a paracrine or autocrine manner (.).

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Angiotensin II and Inflammationtrolled from the circulation (.). Elevated tissue levels of components of the RAS including Ang II, the effector peptide of the RAS, have been demonstrated in numerous diseases independently of blood pressure elevation, such as Hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac failure, diabetes, and renal disease (.,.).

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Neurogenic Human Hypertensionx mechanisms converging on the brainstem (., .) are perhaps the best studied systems, but others such as cortical, insular cortical, and amygdala centers, and renal and skeletal muscle afferents have important effects as well. Visceral sympathetic afferent reflexes may also contribute to pressor mechanisms (.).