Titlebook: Human Physiology; Robert F. Schmidt,Gerhard Thews Textbook 19831st edition Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg 1983 Physiologie.Physiology

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Function of Nerve Cellsense organs) and effectors (e.g., the muscle cells). Because receptors and muscle cells have many functional features in common with the nerve cells, they will also be discussed in this part of the book.

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Musclele exerts force it cannot shorten, and thus cannot do external work (it does do work in a physiological sense). The results of long research have made it possible to explain in considerable detail the way this muscle machine operates, at a molecular level and on the basis of physical and chemical laws.

affluent

ostensible

抚育

effrontery

对待

子女

Thirst and Hunger: General Sensations. rather than in its environment. These stimuli are detected by receptors, some of which are still unknown, and thus produce the associated general sensations (Fig. 14-1 A). For example, we shall see below that intracellular osmotic hypertonicity can be sensed, giving rise to thirst (Fig. 14-1B).

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ion of a completely revised 20th edition with the intention of making the book accessible to a wide range of English-speaking readers. The subject-matter was therefore organized so as to corre­ spond to the structuring of physiology courses in most countries of the world. The book is directed primar

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Somatovisceral Sensibility: Cutaneous Senses, Proprioception, Painattered over and in the body; moreover, their afferent fibers do not form special nerves (such as the optic and statoacoustic nerves) but rather are distributed among many peripheral nerves and central tracts (cf. previous chapter).