| 书目名称 | How Research Can Stimulate the Development of Commercial Biological Control Against Plant Diseases | | 编辑 | Antonieta De Cal,Paloma Melgarejo,Naresh Magan | | 视频video | | | 概述 | Agricultural crop production needs new plant disease control methods which avoid the negative fungicide impact on natural biodiversity.Biological control has become an attractive alternative strategy | | 丛书名称 | Progress in Biological Control | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .Biological control has become an attractive alternative strategy for the control of plant diseases to reduce the excessive use of agrochemicals and its health hazards. But a significant gap still exists between basic research involving the discovery of a biocontrol agent and its development and implementation under commercial conditions. Because BCAs (unlike chemical a.m.) need to establish, colonize, survive and perform their metabolic activity to control diseases. In order to move a biocontrol agent from the laboratory to the market place requires many different disciplines and people with a variety of expertise. Research can stimulate the development of commercial biocontrol agents..Chapter 16 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.. | | 出版日期 | Book 2020 | | 关键词 | Biocontrol; Microbiome; Ecosystem; Applied Microbial ecology; plant-microbial interactions | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3 | | isbn_softcover | 978-3-030-53240-6 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-030-53238-3Series ISSN 1573-5915 Series E-ISSN 2543-0076 | | issn_series | 1573-5915 | | copyright | Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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,Importance of Ecological Windows for Efficacy of Biocontrol Agents, |
Naresh Magan |
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Abstract
This Chapter presents a review of the importance of using realistic approaches to successfully identify biocontrol agents based on their ecology and that of the fungal pathogen or pest. The major environmental hurdles are the relative range of abiotic conditions for the activity of the pathogen and the antagonist. It is thus important to have biocontrol agents which match the ecological windows of the pathogen to try and develop effective control. The use of environmental screening, dynamics of utilization of C-sources and establishment are all directly related to the ecological windows of the pathogen and the potential antagonist. In addition, the impact of extreme climatic events will further impact on the efficacy of BCAs and may require systems which can identify more resilient candidate BCAs for fungal pathogens and pest control in the near future.
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,More Ecological Research Needed for Effective Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens, |
Xiangming Xu,Mike Jeger |
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Abstract
Effective use of biocontrol agents (BCAs) is a potentially important component of sustainable agriculture. The ecological processes determining the success of biocontrol are complex, which may explain that there has been a limited amount of success in biocontrol of plant diseases in field crops. Even for successful biocontrol cases in cultivation under protection, control efficacies are often variable. To improve efficacies achieved through use of single BCA products, there has been increasing interest in using mixtures of BCAs. Despite the frequent claim in the literature that synergy between two BCAs was observed, true synergy is rarely observed. Recent theoretical modelling studies suggested that in order to predict the biocontrol outcomes we need to understand not only the main biocontrol mechanisms involved but also the extent of environemntal patchiness, the level of biocontrol activity and survival of individual BCAs in relation to external conditions. This chapter reviewed recent research findings on the interaction outcomes between pathogens and BCAs in relation to genetics and external factors, illustrating the complex nature of microbial interactions. We propose that res
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,What Determines Successful Colonization and Expression of Biocontrol Traits at the Belowground Leve |
Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás,Jesús Mercado-Blanco |
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Abstract
Plants and their associated microbial communities are continuously interacting. The consequences of this complex, multi-actor dialogue are of utmost relevance for the health and development of the plant holobiont. The plant-associated microbiota is a natural source of microorganisms with plant growth-promoting abilities, including biological control agents (BCA). Plant roots are the main entrance for soilborne phytopathogens, which are also components of the belowground plant-associated microbiota. Successful root colonization by BCA is thus key for effective biocontrol against these pathogens. Colonization and biocontrol are complex processes influenced by many (a)biotic factors. Upon colonization of the target niche, effective biocontrol is then the result of diverse modes of action that BCA may display, thereby eliminating pathogens’ propagules, reducing their number, or alleviating their deleterious effects. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and can operate either individually or in combination, varying in time and space. Inconsistencies usually observed in biocontrol effectiveness is a consequence of numerous (a)biotic and environmental factors affecting BCA performa
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,Understanding Bacterial Physiology for Improving Full Fitness, |
Jesús Cámara-Almirón,Carlos Molina-Santiago,Alejandro Pérez-García,Antonio de Vicente,Francisco M. C |
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Abstract
Bacteria are able to contribute to the plant health by forming stable communities, called biofilms, over the plant phyllosphere and rhizosphere. Biofilm formation is a key step in the bacterial life cycle contributing to the colonization, persistence and survival of the bacterial community in the plant tissue, all of them traits required for a beneficial bacteria and the plant hosts interactions. Furthermore, bacterial biofilms can influence plant health through the efficient production and secretion of secondary metabolites that either have a broad range of action against different plant pathogens directly impairing their development, or promoting the plant immunity or the plant growth. In this chapter, we review the molecular basis used by many common bacterial biocontrol agents to antagonize pathogens and to promote plant growth, and the structural components, essential for biofilm formation, that seems to influence and ensure this stable and successful interaction.
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,Influence of Environment on the Biocontrol of ,: A Systematic Literature Review, |
Giorgia Fedele,Elisa González-Domínguez,Vittorio Rossi |
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Abstract
The biocontrol of grey mould, caused by the fungus . has been intensively studied in the last decades, and biological control agents (BCAs) have been developed as active ingredients of several currently available products. However, the biocontrol of grey mould remains challenging, and farmer reliance on BCAs remains marginal. One likely reason is the inconsistent efficacy of BCAs under field conditions, which may be related to several factors, including the variability of the environmental conditions affecting both BCA fitness and . development. A systematic literature review was conducted to retrieve and analyze the metadata on the influence of environmental conditions on BCA fitness and efficacy against .. The review considered 54 papers (selected from a total of 347 papers) and 27 genera of BCAs. The review showed that only limited information is available about the effects of temperature, humidity, and pH on BCA fitness and efficacy. Metadata were used to define environmental niches for . and for two BCAs, . and ., which were used as case studies. The environmental niches, in turn, were used to study the temperature and humidity conditions under which the BCA prevails over ., a
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,Climate Change and Resilience of Biological Control Agents, |
Naresh Magan,Angel Medina |
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Abstract
This Chapter has examined the importance of considering the impact that climate change abiotic factors will have on the relative resilience of specific biocontrol agents. The screening programmes to identify specific strains for control of fungal disease pathogens and pests do not at present take account of extreme climate events which may result in skewed results with regard to actual biocontrol efficacy. Examples of given where attempts have been made to include environmental resilience to water stress x temperature and these two abiotic factors and existing (400 ppm) vs. expected concentrations in the future. The potential impact of climate change scenarios on formulations of microbial biocontrol agents have rarely being analysed. This Chapter discusses the present status and the changes that may be needed to develop biological formulations which have the right resilience for downstream processing and formulation development for use in crop protection as part of an integrated management programme less reliant on chemicals and which needs to have the right resilience under future climate-related extreme weather episodes.
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,Deciphering Biocontrol Qualities and Other Plant Beneficial Traits in , |
E. Monte,R. Hermosa |
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Abstract
In most countries, the registration of plant beneficial microbes can be done as Plant Protection Products (PPP) or as fertilizers. The PPP registration process is cumbersome and often not suitable for plant biostimulants, for which companies request permission for their use as fertilizers. This is the case of ., officially considered a biofungicide because of its biocontrol abilities but with important beneficial effects to plants such as induction of systemic defenses and growth promotion. These recently described . capabilities give us opportunities to register and commercialize the most effective strains as bioprotectants or as biostimulants. However, it would be a mistake to believe that . are not able to display these skills at the same time, since induction of systemic defenses and plant growth promotion are . capacities determined by the host, depending on which one the plant wants to tap.
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,Chitosan Biosynthesis and Degradation: A Way to Modulate Plant Defenses in Endophytic Biocontrol Ag |
Luis V. Lopez-Llorca,Irais Hernandez-Valdivia,Federico Lopez-Moya |
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Abstract
Nematophagous fungi have been employed in biological control to protect crops of interest because of their ability to manage nematodes sustainably. . a fungal parasite of nematode eggs and females is present worldwide responsible for natural suppression of soils to plant parasitic nematodes. The nematode egg-shell mainly is composed of a protein matrix embedding chitin microfibrils. . is a true endophyte of both mono and dicot crop plants which modulates their local and systemic defenses. Extracellular depolymerases of nematophagous fungi reflect their parasitic, endophytic and saprophytic traits. Focusing on plant cell wall degrading enzymes which allow fungi to colonize plants, . presents fewer cellulases, xylanases and pectinases than mycoparasite and nematode-trapping fungi. . genome show genes adapted to infect hosts with external barriers based on chitin/protein. For instance, . shows a highly expanded family of hydrolases and other enzymes related with chitin modification. Chitosan is a highly deacetylated form of chitin with antimicrobial activity. Entomopathogenic and nematophagous fungi are resistant to chitosan. Genomes of most isolates of . from worldwide origin show ge
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,Biocontrol Should Focus on Multiple Pest Targets, |
Paloma Melgarejo,Antonieta De Cal |
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Abstract
Biological control appears to be a suitable strategy to contribute to sustainable crop and forest management. Different “old” and “new” solutions are discussed for controlling soilborne, open-air and greenhouse aerial diseases. The question remains as to whether success can be derived from the application of biological disease control sensu stricto (i.e., distribution in the form of biopesticides) or whether successful use of biological control requires broader considerations to include methods that rely upon management of the endemic microbial resource in agricultural, particularly soil, systems. Different old and new approaches are discussed. Approaches examining a “community perspective” seem to have more challenges.
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,Biological Control with Transmissible Hypovirulence: Keys to Success in Chesnut Blight, |
O. Aguín,J. P. Mansilla,C. Salinero,M. J. Sainz |
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Abstract
Many fungi, among which are some plant pathogens, are known to be infected by viruses. Infection by some viruses causes an attenuation of the virulence of certain plant pathogenic fungi, resulting in the existence of virulent virus-free strains and hypovirulent virus-infected strains of the same fungal species. Hypovirulent strains can convert virulent ones into hypovirulent ones, provided they are vegetatively compatible, by transmitting their viruses by hyphal anastomosis. Spontaneous natural control of chestnut blight, a disease caused by the ascomycete ., through virus transmission between fungal strains was first reported in Italian stands of . (European chestnut) in the mid-twentieth century. This finding led to the development of sucessful biological control methods of the disease based on the artificial introduction of hypovirulent strains of the pathogen in affected chestnut areas. As a consequence, the natural phenomenon of hypovirulence in the European chestnut-. pathosystem has become a model for the study of similar ones with the aim of using fungal viruses as biological control agents against plant fungal diseases.
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,Screening Strategies for Selection of New Microbial Antagonists of Plant Pathogens, |
Georgina Elena,Jürgen Köhl |
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Abstract
Screening of microorganisms for commercial use in biological control requires to consider many selection criteria. Besides antagonistic efficacy against the targeted plant pathogen, candidates also have to fulfil basic criteria regarding ecological characteristics, environmental risks, risks for humans, animals and plants, production costs, market size and possibilities for intellectual property protection. In this Chapter, the different steps to obtain promising biological control agents are described comprising the process of collection, evaluation, mass production and registration of the candidates, showing how complex such a process is and how multi-disciplinary approaches, from fundamental research to product development and commercialisation, are needed. In this screening process, end users have to be identified and included in the design of the biocontrol research, to overcome the socioeconomic factors influencing the biocontrol adoption amongst growers. . tests to assess the antagonistic efficacy of the candidates should be avoided, because they may lead to biased selection procedures. Instead, it is proposed to design robust and reproducible bioassays where the pathogen an
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,Biological Control Based on Microbial Consortia – From Theory to Commercial Products, |
Robert Czajkowski,Tomasz Maciag,Dorota M. Krzyzanowska,Sylwia Jafra |
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Abstract
Biological control based on the use of (artificial) consortia of plant beneficial microorganisms, (the combinations of several biological control bacterial or fungal strains or a mixture of both) is receiving an increasing recognition globally. Thus far, however the number of marketed bioproducts containing microbial consortia is scarce. This situation results primarily from difficulties encountered during registration and marketing but also because of the problems in understanding the specific roles of each component of a consortium as well as their biological activity. Certain limitation for developing artificial consortia for agriculture is furthermore the compatibility of the biocontrol agents in the consortium and their collective performance on the plants under natural and/or agricultural conditions. This chapter provides insight into current state of the art in the development of the artificial microbial consortia for the agricultural applications and their commercialization mainly for plant protection and for biofertilization to increase plant fitness and crop yield.
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,Impact of Genomic Resources on Improving the Mode of Action of Biocontrol Agents Against Plant Path |
Inmaculada Larena,Eduardo A. Espeso,María Carreras,María Villarino,Antonieta De Cal,Paloma Melgarejo |
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Abstract
Biological control using microorganism shows great potential as an eco-friendly and feasible alternative to replace, or at least diminish, the application of chemicals for plant pathogen control. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the interaction between any biological control agents (BCAs), host and target plant pathogen is crucial to enhance and extend the use of these organisms in agriculture. Recently, modern molecular technologies have allowed researchers to explore nature as never before, providing powerful approaches to characterize BCA’s modes of action. Among these new methodological approaches are the group of disciplines known under the term of “omics”, which include all areas of life sciences that take particular biomolecular sets as study objects (e.g., DNA, RNA, proteins or secondary metabolites), and that use high-throughput procedures for their approach. In this context, this chapter focuses on compiling common procedures used to carry out omic studies, with special emphasis on the research and development of BCAs against fungal plant pathogens. Thus, the importance of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic knowledge is underlined in order to under
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,Which Biocontrol Strategies Best Fit with Other IPM System Components?, |
Antonieta De Cal,Belén Guijarro,Inmaculada Larena,Paloma Melgarejo |
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Abstract
A considerable gap exist between the current offer in biocontrol solutions and what growers would need to manage important disease problems. The primary requirement of R&I is to enlarge the range of biocontrol solutions through screening for new BCAs suitable for commercial use and engineering new methods. Contributors to the survey have further identified diverse factors currently impeding the development of biocontrol and suggested research approaches to help raise these constraints. These suggestions can be summarised in the following recommendations: (1) invest in the appropriate assessment of biocontrol methods, including both the consideration of their potential unintentional effects and the identification of the contextual factors that determine their performance, in order to improve growers’ guidance on the proper use of biocontrol; (2) devise strategies combining biocontrol methods with other disease management tactics, in the context of IPM or even cropping system management, to help growers integrate biocontrol into their practices; (3) enlarge the scope of biocontrol research to the socioeconomic factors influencing biocontrol adoption, which calls for the development o
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,Formulations to Improve Biocontrol Products Shelf-Life and/or Ecosystem Adaptation, |
Neus Teixidó,Guillem Segarra,Carla Casals,Josep Usall,Rosario Torres |
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Abstract
Highly productive agriculture depends on the application of chemical pesticides which may have negative impacts on human health and the environment. Biological control based on the use of microbial antagonists is a very promising alternative disease control method. Unfortunately, its application at a commercial scale has encountered several difficulties. In addition to financial and regulatory issues, there are two important obstacles in the development of a successful biological control agent: the difficulty of developing a formulation that preserves viability and efficacy for long storage periods and the susceptibility of the microorganism to stressful environmental conditions. In this Chapter, possible solutions are offered to overcome the issues previously described. First of all, the use of modified growth media that favors the accumulation of compatible solutes in the microbial cells can be utilized to obtain formulations with higher tolerance to unfavorable environmental conditions and to dehydration during formulation. Moreover, significant impacts on cell survival and shelf-life can obtained by the use of protectants during the dehydration processes or the use of isotonic
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,Bioformulation of Microbial Biocontrol Agents for a Sustainable Agriculture, |
Ana Bejarano,Gerardo Puopolo |
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Abstract
The application of microbial based biopesticides has become a sustainable alternative to the use of chemicals to prevent yield losses due to plant pathogens. However, microbial based biopesticides are often unsuccessfully formulated and do not meet the demanding regulatory standards required by the agencies, which hinders their commercialization. Hence, an outline on the approaches to attain more effective formulations might be useful for the development of future more effective products..With this aim, this chapter reports the current state of biocontrol strategies and describes the principles of microbial biocontrol formulations. Emphasis is placed on techniques and tools available for the development and characterisation of microbial products. To provide glimpses on the possible formulations, the different existing additives, carriers, inoculation techniques and formulation types are exhaustively reviewed. Finally, requirements and principles for efficacy evaluation of plant protection products in the European Union are included (see Chaps. ., . and .).
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,Biological Control Agents for Mycotoxin Control: Are They Resilient Enough?, |
Naresh Magan,Alessandra Gasperini Marcon,Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin,Alicia Rodríguez-Sixtos,Esther |
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Abstract
This Chapter examines the approaches which have been used to identify the potential for identifying biocontrol agents (BCAs) which can compete effectively with mycotoxigenic fungi and result in the reduction in mycotoxin production. A range of microorganisms have been examined to competitively exclude mycotoxigenic fungi from the target niche The competitiveness is influenced by environmental factors, especially changes in water availability and temperature. The relative inoculum potential of the BCA vs the toxigenic target species is important as this influences the potential downstream production and formulation necessary for effective control. In addition, the formulation of the BCA becomes important especially when the requirement is for foliar application in the field.
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,The Development of a Biological Plant Protection Product: From Patent to Commercialisation: , Strai |
M. I. Trillas,E. Casanova,G. Segarra |
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Abstract
This chapter explains the experience on the complete development of a biological plant protection product, from its isolation at the University of Barcelona, patent, development by creating a spin-off company, the process and follow up of the registration under the most demanding regulations in different continents but mostly it is explained the case of Europe to finally obtain the authorisation, and the arrival to the market. Some thoughts are done on the difficulties of this process in Europe and on its importance and necessity to guarantee the quality of the product, to probe the efficacy on the field (important for growers) and also to demonstrate and assure their safety on the environment, users and consumers. Moreover, it is highlighted the positive characteristics and benefits on the use of biological products, marked trends in EU and hopes for a near coming green-green agriculture.
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,Regulation and Requirement Challenges for the Definition of a Successful Biocontrol Strategy Within |
Belén Guijarro,Ana Patricia Fernández-Getino,Jose Luis Alonso-Prados |
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Abstract
The EU authorities are currently emphasizing the sustainable use of pesticides, integrated pest management, where sustainable biological, physical and other non-chemical methods are favoured over chemical methods if they provide satisfactory pest control. In the context of increasing demands for alternatives to chemical control, biocontrol strategies have become the prevailing paradigm in pest management, creating a momentum for increased use of Microbial Pest Control Agents (MPCAs)..Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 currently in force, provides rules for placing plant protection products on the market, based on a risk assessment, which encourages the development of less-harmful substances. Uniform Principles ensure that evaluations and decisions with regard to authorization of plant protection products are conducted according to these principles by Member States..The Uniform Principles for the evaluation and authorization of plant protection products containing microorganisms are set out in Annex Part II in Commission Regulation (EU) No 546/2011. The Data requirements for approval of the active substance containing microorganism (MPCA) are described in the Part B Regulation (EU) No 283
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发表于 2025-3-21 18:22:46
