Titlebook: How Nature Works; the science of self- Per Bak Book 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York 1996 Natur.complex system.complex systems

pulmonary

Earthquakes, Starquakes, and Solar Flares,irected toward trying to predict the few large catastrophic ones. Scientists have taken a very direct approach, formulating individual theories, or explanations, for individual earthquakes or earthquake zones; there has not been much effort directed toward a general understanding of the earthquake phenomenon.

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哎呦

Book 1996t organized in a poised state-the critical state-where anything can happen within well-defined statistical laws. The aim of the science of self-organized criticality is to yield insight into the fundamental question of why nature is complex, not simple, as the laws of physics imply. Self-organized c

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On Economics and Traffic Jams, than other human activities. At least, the activities can be quantified and measured, in terms of prices, volumes, and velocities. That might be the reason that economics exists as a discipline independent of other social sciences.

seruting

Presbyopia

The Discovery of Self-Organized Criticality,ns on the model showed how a system that obeys simple, benign local rules can organize itself into a poised state that evolves in terms of flashing, intermittent bursts rather than following a smooth path. We did not set out with the intention of studying sandpiles. As with many other discoveries in

Little

The Sandpile Paradigm,had naturally organized itself into a . scale-free state with avalanches of all sizes and all durations. The statistics of the avalanches follow the Gutenberg-Richter power law. There were small events and large events following the same laws. We had discovered a simple model for complexity in natur

预测

Real Sandpiles and Landscape Formation,lf-organized criticality. If the theory that large dynamic systems organize themselves to a critical state cannot even explain sandpiles, then what can it explain? Our abstract model grossly oversimplifies real sand, but we still hope that our experiments live up to our predictions. However, nature