Titlebook: History of Ophthalmology 5; Sub auspiciis Academ Harold E. Henkes Book 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1993 Biographie.Oral

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Ophthalmology in Europe in the days of the French Revolution,ne; it had negative effects, in that France lost the scientific edge it had gained when all existing chairs in ophthalmology were abolished. The status of ophthalmology and of physiological optics in the 18th century are discussed, with a brief mention of the most important innovators in the field.

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The history of stereoscopy, 1667, Newton 1704) a cerebral mechanism of disparity detection became thinkable. The rise of Empiricism (Molyneux’ Premise, the case of Cheselden) postponed the solution of the problem, finally reached by Wheatstone (1838). Physiological proof of Wheatstone’s theory came from the experiments of Barlow et al. (1967).

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,Jules Janssen (1824–1907): From ophthalmology to astronomy,e age of sixteen. While working for a bank from 1840 to 1848 he was able to complete his education and earn a baccalaureate degree at the age of twenty-five. Janssen attended the University of Paris, receiving his . in 1852. He then obtained a post as substitute teacher in a lycée.

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The development of ophthalmology in the former German Democratic Republic after 1945,a politically independent citizen, suffered from so much opposition and obstruction. This report necessarily reflects a personal view; no doubt younger colleagues will be able to paint the picture in greater detail, on the basis of historical documents that hopefully in the future will become available. (H.E.H.)

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,William R. Wilde (1815–1876) in Vienna,William R. Wilde was born 1815 in a small hamlet in Connaught, the most western part of Ireland. His father was English and a practicing physician while his mother was Irish. Numerous biographies describe his life [1], and an extensive obituary summarizes his achievement [2].

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