Titlebook: High Density Lipoproteins; From Biological Unde Arnold von Eckardstein,Dimitris Kardassis Book‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ 2015 The Editor(s) (if applicable) a

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Regulation of HDL Genes: Transcriptional, Posttranscriptional, and Posttranslationalction cascades; regulation at the posttranscriptional level by microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs which bind to the coding or noncoding regions of HDL genes regulating mRNA stability and translation; as well as regulation at the posttranslational level by protein modifications, intracellular traffic

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Epidemiology: Disease Associations and Modulators of HDL-Related Biomarkersse. In addition, a low level of HDL-C has been shown to be a risk factor for other diseases not related to atherosclerosis. However, recent studies have not supported a causal effect of HDL-C in the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, new drugs markedly elevating HDL-C levels have been disa

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Dysfunctional HDL: From Structure-Function-Relationships to Biomarkersies. However, recent clinical trials on lipid-modifying drugs that increase plasma levels of HDL-C have not shown significant clinical benefit. Notably, in some recent clinical studies, there is no clear association of higher HDL-C levels with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events observed in pati

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HDL and Atherothrombotic Vascular Diseaseeven facilitate lesion regression. These activities include promoting cellular cholesterol efflux, protecting low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) from modification, preserving endothelial function, as well as anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects. However, questions remain about the relative impo

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HDLs, Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndromeassociated with significant morbidity and mortality, in particular with an excess of cardiovascular deaths. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the cluster of pathologies including insulin resistance, central obesity, high blood pressure, and hypertriglyceridemia that constitute the metabolic syndrome are