Titlebook: Handbook of the History of Money and Currency; Stefano Battilossi,Youssef Cassis,Kazuhiko Yago Living reference work 20200th edition Mone

ADAGE

Origins of Money and Interest: Palatial Credit, Not Barter,ime of purchase. When Babylonians went to the local alehouse, they did not pay by carrying grain around in their pockets. They ran up a tab to be settled at harvest time on the threshing floor. The ale women who ran these “pubs” would then pay most of this grain to the palace for consignments advanc

闪光东本

Primitive and Nonmetallic Money,mple societies and other non-western contexts – come in all shapes and sizes. This chapter reviews the literature on “primitive” currencies, from early ethnology to contemporary anthropology and archeology. Showing how analysts frequently misunderstood the use of such objects in context, it hones in

embolus

光亮

muscle-fibers

Premodern Debasement: A Messy Affair,mation costs often prevented the effective control of mint officials who could exploit their resulting autonomy in order to debase coins on their own account. Second, these costs made it impossible to monitor markets closely enough to enforce regulations. Attempts by governments to debase coins by i

cinder

偶像

Rise and Demise of the Global Silver Standard, was the prime commodity which moved the sails of such trade. The disparate availability and the particular demand for silver across the globe determined the participation of producers, consumers, and intermediaries in a growing global economy. American endowments of silver are a known feature of th

perjury

Jargon

FEMUR