Titlebook: Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics; Cosimo Bambi,Andrea Santangelo Reference work 2024 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024 H

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Hideyuki Mori,Peter Friedrichal framework called Institutional Logics, which helps us identify and interpret how individuals make sense of their reality. So it brings the complex world of the individual into a discussion that generally considers the organization as the unit of analysis. Studying humanitarian action through this

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achter ., 1961, 1967) and varies in the rat with growth, pregnancy, and the level of dietary Ca (Schachter ., 1960a; Kimberg, Schachter & Schenker, 1961). These properties suggest that the mechanism might be classified as an active transport. In earlier studies (Schachter ., 1960a) a murexide techni

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A Chronological History of X-ray Astronomy Missionsnboard rockets and balloons to the most recent and complex space missions. We intend to provide the reader with detailed information and references on the many missions and instruments that have contributed to the success of the exploration of the X-ray universe. We have not included missions that a

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X-ray Optics for Astrophysics: A Historical Reviewreduction in background and a consequent very large improvement in sensitivity. The X-ray optics also permit use of small-format, high-performance focal-plane detectors and, of course, especially for high-angular-resolution optics, provide a wealth of imaging data from extended sources. This review

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Lobster Eye X-ray Opticsing incidence (reflective) X-ray imaging systems used in astronomy and other applications are based on the Wolter 1 (or modified) arrangement. But there are also other designs and configurations proposed for future applications for both laboratory and space environments. Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B)-based

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Single-Layer and Multilayer Coatings for Astronomical X-ray Mirrorsr, or a multilayer coating. Mirror coatings are made to enhance the telescope performance, and by careful design, they can shape the energy response for very specific applications. In this chapter we review the topic of thin film coating essential for the performance of most astrophysical X-ray miss

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Diffraction-Limited Optics and Techniquesconds, but to achieve such an impressive performance requires X-ray optics with unprecedented precision and quality. Fourier optics analysis is used to explore the geometry and accuracy of X-ray optics needed to meet this goal. Conventional grazing incidence X-ray telescopes could, in principle, wor