Titlebook: Handbook of Epidemiology; Wolfgang Ahrens,Iris Pigeot Reference work 2014Latest edition Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Spri

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History of Epidemiological Methods and Concepts population data. Population comparative studies were performed in the eighteenth century. Since then, a body of methods and concepts needed to perform population studies has been developed, refined, and theorized. It constitutes the genuine core of the scientific discipline known today as epidemiol

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Basic Concepts causes. This chapter deals with the conceptual building blocks of epidemiology. First, we offer a model for causation, from which a variety of insights relevant to epidemiological understanding emerge. We then discuss the basis by which we attempt to infer that an identified factor is indeed a caus

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Cohort Studiesrospective, though these terms also apply to other epidemiological designs. A cohort study evaluates both the risk and the rate of disease or disease-related outcomes in a population that is characterized in terms of relevant risk factors or exposures, placed under observation, and followed for some

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Case-Control Studiess at risk of developing disease. Information may be collected for both cases and controls on genetic, social, behavioral, environmental, or other determinants of disease risk. The basic study design has a long history, extending back at least to Guy’s 1843 comparison of the occupations of men with p

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Modern Epidemiological Study Designsions (through undefined mechanisms, but conventionally denoted by treatment, exposure, etc.) and reactions (e.g., disease, remission, cure) must occur by definition in individuals, the realm of epidemiology principally lies in the study of individuals in the aggregate, such as patients enrolled in c

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Design and Planning of Epidemiological Studies are consequences of the theoretical principles of epidemiology as presented in this handbook as well as standard textbooks (Breslow and Day 1981, 1987; Gordis 2009; Rothman and Greenland 1998; Rothman et al. 2008; Miettinen 1985) and in different chapters (Basic Concepts, Cohort Studies, Case-Contr

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