Titlebook: Handbook of Antimicrobial Resistance; Matthias Gotte,Albert Berghuis,Donald Sheppard Living reference work 20200th edition

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Antiviral Drug Resistance in Herpesviruses,) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections. The modest activity of ACV against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has prompted the development of another nucleoside analogue, ganciclovir (GCV), for the management of systemic and organ-specific HCMV diseases. Second-line agents such as the pyrophosphate

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Azole Resistance in ,: Mechanisms, Route of Resistance Selection, and Clinical Implications,rophytic mold .. However, acquired azole resistance in . is an emerging problem that compromises the clinical efficacy of azole antifungals. Several mutations in the cyp51A gene of . affect the activity of all mold-active antifungal azoles. These mutations result in the complete loss of activity of

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Drug Resistance in ,,o vaccine available yet, the control of these parasites relies solely on chemotherapy. Low-cost antimony-derived compounds remain the primary antileishmanial treatment in most developing countries. Increasing drug resistance towards these molecules has forced the use of alternative therapies in high

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HBV Therapy and the Problem of Drug Resistance,e risk of liver disease progression, including cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nucleos(t)ide analogue monotherapy is commonly used as first-line therapy, and most patients will require long-term antiviral therapy. As for all direct-acting antiviral agents, the emergence of

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HIV Drug Resistance in Mothers and Infants Following Use of Antiretrovirals to Prevent Mother-to-Chection in the plasma is standard of care for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (.). In many resource-limited communities, financial and infrastructure limitations preclude ART for pregnancy. Instead, abbreviated PMTCT regimens of short-term antiretrovirals (.) (mono- or dual therapy)

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HIV Protease Inhibitor Resistance,fic HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), based on thorough understanding of the structure of HIV protease and its substrate, serves as a prime example of structure-based drug design. The introduction of first-generation PIs marked the start of combination antiretroviral therapy. However, low bioavailabili

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HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Preexposure Prophylaxis Trials,tive in multiple randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials throughout the world. Preexposure prophylaxis trials have included over 20,000 men and women at risk for HIV infection through sexual or intravenous exposure. A consistent finding is that drug exposure is essential for PrEP efficacy. In