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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02300-7tem, and a proper and healthy diet can promote a healthy environment for beneficial bacteria and reduce the chance of pathogenic bacteria flourishing in the gut. Functional foods like probiotics, such as . and ., and prebiotics, the nonenzymatically digested substance that probiotics consume, can su

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,Introduction – Setting the scene,t’s cells. This ecosystem, composed of bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and the host’s cells, has been found to play an important role in maintaining the overall health of the host. Many of these microbes are responsible for producing metabolites that directly benefit the host by supplementing nut

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BraVada Garrett-Akinsanya Ph.D., LPiseases. Disruption of the otherwise beneficial homeostatic gut microbial ecosystem leads to dysbiosis, and consequent augmentation of the risk of various diseases. We aim to discuss current understanding of the mechanisms whereby microbiota might affect the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its a

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Ekaterina P. Rusakova,Irina A. Gronicathogens can enter the body through contaminated food or water but, in order to colonize within the body, must contend with natural barriers and defenses within the host organism. These defenses can include physical barriers such as mucosa or chemical barriers such as a change in pH. Biological defe

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Elena G. Popkova,Julia V. Ragulina development, overuse and misuse of antibiotics have caused long- and short-term effects on individuals. Mainly, the results of antibiotics occur through interactions with the gut microbiome, a central organ with crucial functions involved in an organism’s well-being through biochemical mechanisms.

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Divine Charura,Rachel Wicaksonolth and performance in recent years. Indeed, host genetics, age, infection/inflammation, exposure to antibiotics, and diet are the main factors involved in the composition of the host intestinal microbiota and intestinal environment. Sustainable feed additives can also be safe, consumer-friendly, an

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