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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18518-3ard biomolecule-immobilization characteristics. This chapter aims to clarify how GQDs might be used in different optical, electrochemical, fluorescence chemosensors, and biosensor applications for the detection of drug molecules, metal ions, inorganic ions, amino acids, proteins, saccharides, and small molecules.

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Physicochemical Properties of Graphene Quantum Dots,eir band gap and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels. The wavelength of the excitation light, the lateral size, the attached functional groups, and the solution‘s pH all have a significant impact on the photoluminescence of GQDs.

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