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,Treatment of Hyperthyroidism in Patients with Graves’ Orbitopathy, pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease. Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), the most frequent extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease, is present in about 25 % of newly diagnosed Graves’ patients, and rarely progresses over time. Neither ATDs nor thyroidectomy appear to affect the natural course of G

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,Assessment and Management Plan for Graves’ Orbitopathy, gradual onset of proptosis and lid retraction, usually associated with fat expansion on orbital imaging. In approximately one-third of cases, the disease develops rapidly with significant involvement of one or more extraocular muscles and resultant periocular soft tissue congestion, motility disrup

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,Epidemiology and Genetic Factors in Graves’ Disease and Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, disease development. Our group and others have further focused on thyroid-specific genes such as TSH receptor and thyroglobulin gene and have shown that they play a major role in GD. Genetic studies in GO, however, did not show consistent results. Since the entire risk for GD is not conveyed by gen