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Tuberculosisberculosis (TB) is the detection of . by sputum/secretions smear microscopy, culture, or molecular methods. HRCT help in early diagnosis by delineating nodular infiltrates, abscess, and granulomatous lesions. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assays (IGR s) can reliably detect active disease and latent T

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Leprosyfestations vary from cutaneous involvement to mucosal ulcers, granulomas, destruction with deformity in the upper airway. Otological manifestations are in the form of recurrent otitis externa and auricular perichondritis and deformity. Detection of acid-fast bacilli on skin biopsy, nasal smears, or

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Actinomycosislude necrosis with yellowish sulfur granules and filamentous Gram-positive fungal-like pathogens. Patients with actinomycosis require prolonged (6- to 12-month) high doses of penicillin G or amoxicillin to facilitate the drug penetration in abscess and in infected tissues, but the duration of antimi

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Rhinoscleromalls are large foamy macrophages with numerous enlarged vacuoles containing viable or non-viable bacteria. A delay in the diagnosis can lead to complications such as physical deformity, upper airway obstruction, and sepsis. Treatment includes surgery and a prolonged course of antibiotics to avoid rel

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Cat Scratch Diseaseostic modality. Special stains such as Brown–Hopp tissue Gram stain and Warthin–Starry silver stain can show clumps of small, curved, Gram-negative bacilli usually in the walls of blood vessels and in the microabscesses, which is characteristic of CSD. PCR of the lymph node aspirate is the most sens

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Lyme Diseaserbour-Stoenner-Kelly II medium. It can be detected by light microscopy in tissue sections. Serological assay detecting IgG and IgM antibody by ELISA is highly sensitive, however less useful in early-stage disease. PCR of synovial fluid to detect the genetic material .) of spirochete and CSF analysis

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Aspergillosisusitis, chronic invasive rhinosinusitis, granulomatous invasive aspergillosis and cutaneous aspergillosis. Microscopy, culture, and histopathology form the mainstay of diagnosis, demonstrating septate branching hyphae at an acute angle of 45. Serology and molecular assay aid the diagnosis. The curre

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Mucormycosise is preferred. Surgical debridement improves the penetration of antifungal drugs in the soft tissue and helps in the complete clearance of disease. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is one of the most common life-threatening opportunistic fungal infections associated with moderate to severe Coronavirus di