Titlebook: Getting to Know the World Scientifically; An Objective View Paul Needham Textbook 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Introduction Phi

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Textbook 2020divided into two parts. Part 1 deals with knowledge and values. Chap. 1 presents the classical conception of knowledge as initiated by the ancient Greeks and elaborated during the development of science, introducing the central concepts of truth, belief and justification. Aspects of the quest for ob

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Knowledge pursuit of knowledge in the historical development of science. The discussion takes up the role of necessity in justifying first principles in ancient Greek thought and in providing a criterion of objectivity in seventeenth century thought, the quest for certainty in the seventeenth century in circ

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Objectivityt of appropriate and inappropriate expectations, taking systematic error into account and the articulation of random error are discussed. The notions of experimental precision and accuracy are distinguished, and the approximation associated with the articulation of degree of precision is contrasted

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Countering Relativismthe notion of truth is relative to a person, an interest, a perspective or some-such. Despite the dilemma advanced by the ancients in criticism of the doctrine, it has continued to attract favour, most noticeably in the context of the philosophy of science in Kuhn’s conception of revolutionary chang

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The Use and Abuse of Sciencea way as to respect and acknowledge the contributions of others and to present their work honestly and without seeking to avoid criticism by misleadingly overestimating random error. The onus on scientists of a wider social responsibility for informing the public and guiding decision makers is also

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Duhem’s Continuity Thesisre detail. The historical thesis of the importance of medieval science for what was to come in the seventeenth century is discussed in Sect. 6.3, laying the foundation for his understanding of the continuity of scientific progress. The next section takes up the critique of the idea of decisive falsi

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