Titlebook: Geometry of the Fundamental Interactions; On Riemann‘s Legacy M. D. Maia Book 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 Minkowski‘s s

Substitution

注射器

Bundles and Connections,rtuis, Euler, Lagrange, and Hamilton. The modification of the derivative is quite intuitive when we are talking about coordinate transformations, but it is less intuitive when we are talking about field theory. In this chapter we will introduce the basic tools to the formal definition of gauge covariant derivatives.

有其法作用

Gravitation,nts of view [41, 127]. On the side of classical physics the theory can describe the gravitational field of only about 4% of the known universe. The remaining 96% produces a gravitational effect that is not included in Einstein’s theory of gravitation.

有限

Symmetry,lt of the Michelson–Morley experiment and the subsequent interpretation of the relative motion between observers and observables given by Einstein. This interpretation led us to the emergence of the Poincaré symmetry. From then on, the structure of . has become the essential tool to the understanding of the fundamental interactions.

overshadow

The Algebra of Observables,l theory..The observables themselves are usually invariant quantities in the sense that they can be measurable by different observers in different times. In this chapter we study the mathematical structure of observables, which may be in general derived from a tensor structure, but which is usually described as scalar, vector, and spinor fields.

善变

Scalar Fields, particles do not exist as a physically observable object, carrying mass, charge, momentum, spin, and other attributes in space–time. Regardless of these attributes they always correspond to . in the parameter space .. which is not locally equivalent to the physical manifold.

Macronutrients

Vector, Tensor, and Spinor Fields,oretical and experimental results to the development of gauge theory let us briefly review the basics of the electromagnetic field (for more details, see, e.g., [93]) and some more advanced topics involving its interactions with scalar fields.

Anterior

prosperity

Book 2011 fascinating window into the ongoing struggle of mankind to understand nature. The discovery of gauge fields and their properties is the most formidable landmark of modern physics. The expression of the gauge field strength as the curvature associated to a given connection, places quantum field theo

AGOG

The Fundamental Interactions,atter, but it is not impossible that some other force will assume such fundamental role in the future. However, not everyone agrees that there are compelling evidences for such assumption, at least within a simple and understandable argument in the Occam sense. Indeed, recent cosmological evidences