Titlebook: Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children; Yvan Vandenplas Book 2022Latest edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclus

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Sputum

Symptoms of GER,g infants does not deserve diagnostic test, and GERD should be suspected only when alarm signs arise..Unlike infants, children and adolescents do not usually experience any relevant symptom related to physiologic GER. Therefore, in these age groups symptoms such as vomiting, heartburn, and chest pai

HEED

GER in Preterm Infants,discriminate GER from GERD. It also allows establishing relationships between symptoms and GER. Recently, further steps were taken to obtain reference values in infants, analyzing MII-pH traces obtained in infants with negative results..Other diagnostic tools (such as upper gastrointestinal contrast

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GER and Esophageal Atresia,irst year of life, or longer, depending on persistence of GERD. Endoscopy with biopsies is mandatory for routine monitoring of GERD in patients with EA. Every EA patient, including asymptomatic, should undergo monitoring of GERD (impedance/pH-metry, and/or endoscopy) at the time of discontinuation o

Clinch

,GERD and Cow’s Milk Allergy,lled, and/or when atopic co-morbidities and/or other symptoms associated with non-IgE-mediated allergies are present. A 2–4 week elimination of cow’s milk, which may entail a maternal elimination in breastfed infants or suitable formula with proven hypoallergenicity with complementary food free-from

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GER and ,ring infection and it triggers acid production, and hyperacidity leads to the development or progression of GER and erosive esophagitis. In cases of antral gastritis that causes hyperacidity, reflux esophagitis may improve after . is eradicated. Chronic gastritis can lead to atrophic gastritis. Atro

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