Titlebook: Gang Prevention in Schools; Creating a Secure Ba Katherine De Vito Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusi

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Nordenfelt and Nussbaum on Animal Welfare Ther 28:117–132, 2000). If they are not getting what they need at home, they may look outward to a gang to become a “surrogate family” and replace what they are not getting within the home (Ruble & Turner, Am J Family Ther 28:117–132, 2000). The voices of former gang members are heard through the t

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32972-3ho had histories of attachment issues. Each student had issues with their family of origin and their attachment figures. Risk factors and protective factors are discussed in each case. Both students had turned to gang involvement for different reasons. However, a common reason was that they were fle

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67965-4 is a cumulative effect for risk factors, meaning the more risk factors one has, the more likely that youth would be involved in a gang (Howell and Egley, Youth Violence Juv Justice 3(4):334–354, 2005). Youth may have a resiliency to some of the disadvantages seen in the risk factors, but the cumula

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Animals and Alternatives in Toxicologyain colors. They may wear a certain type of clothing or accessories to show their affiliation. Gangs use hand signs to communicate and show unity. Tattoos may show gang affiliation and there may be evidence of symbols on their personal items. Graffiti can be used by gangs to mark their territory or

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systems in the study of osteoarthritiss that are experienced in the first 18 years of life (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). ACEs are preventable. Trauma-informed practice and learning how schools can be more trauma-informed are important. School staff can become trained in providing an environment that is more trauma-

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49678-8ive factors are crucial to gang prevention (Estrada et al., Socio-ecological risk and protective factors for youth gang involvement. In H. Shapiro (Ed.), The Wiley handbook on violence in education: Forms, factors, and preventions (pp. 185–202). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018). The earlier p