Titlebook: Evolutionary Dynamics of Malignancy; The Genetic and Envi Robert C. Jackson Book 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), unde

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Genetic and Chromosomal Instability,etic damage. Tumours are genetically unstable, such that the number of mutations and chromosomal abnormalities increases with time. Genetic and/or chromosomal instability is now regarded as the defining characteristic of cancer..Cancer genome projects, based upon whole genome sequencing, have identi

Mhc-Molecule

Cancer as a Disease of Defective Cell Cycle Checkpoint Function,factors. The normal cell division cycle contains checkpoints that prevent a cell from progressing to the next phase if abnormalities (e.g. DNA damage) are present; the cell will not progress until the problem is corrected. If the damage cannot be corrected in a few hours, the damaged cell will under

guardianship

The DNA Damage Checkpoint,DNA damage that can trigger the checkpoint include single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, stalled replication forks, and premature chain termination. Many tumours have mutations or deletions of one or more components of the DDR. For this reason, tumours are often repair-deficient, so that DNA-d

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Dynamics of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint,ergoing cytokinesis and completing cell division. In normal cells, prolonged cell cycle arrest by the SAC results in apoptosis. Most cancer cells have mutations or expression changes in components of the SAC that allow cells with abnormal chromosomes to escape the checkpoint, and because of over-rid

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Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukaemia: A Three-Hit Malignancy,ined. Those epigenetic changes may in turn be a result of genetic or chromosomal instability. Malignant progression caused by epigenetic silencing of function of tumour suppressor genes will often require inactivation of both alleles, though in some cases loss of a single allele may result in alleli

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CLAP

Evading the Antitumour Immune Response,r immune response. As tumour progression proceeds, genetic instability results in the developing tumour becoming increasingly immunogenic. Immune surveillance may result in early-stage tumours being eliminated without developing into clinically evident disease. Less immunogenic tumours may be held i