Titlebook: Europe Confronts Terrorism; Karin Hippel (Senior Research Fellow) Book 2005 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

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Germanyerrorism has evolved from a focus on the domestic terrorist group, the Baader-Meinhof Gang, to international terrorism; the second outlines the legal and institutional reforms since 11 September 2001; the third describes the domestic political response to these changes, and finally, the fourth concl

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Italyorder to enforce decisions adopted at international levels, and by introducing new measures at the operational level aimed at better protecting Italian territory from a possible terrorist attack. The Italian government acted on two fronts. On the one hand, it enhanced efforts to disrupt and destroy

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Nordic Responsesthat the inhabitants of a Nordic country had been confronted with deadly violence directed against a political leader. The murder of Olof Palme shocked the nation, but it was not until the same tragic scenario repeated itself in September 2003 — with the killing of Foreign Minister Anna Lindh — that

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Spainople and injuring more than 1,600. The victims of Spain’s worst carnage since the end of the 1936 Spanish Civil War included 15 nationalities, both immigrants and commuters, the majority working class and students, who were trapped in the steel and rubble of burst subway trains and buildings. The no

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The United Kingdom extrapolate lessons for domestic security and defence policy. This has not been a calm and detached intellectual exercise, but has been accompanied and influenced by a series of diplomatic shifts and other, often much noisier events: military operations in Afghanistan; improved relations between th

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The European Uniongly, have developed sophisticated counter-terrorism infrastructures. ‘There was hardly a day in my political life in Spain without me visiting a funeral of a victim of terror,’ remarked EU foreign policy chief Javier Solana about his time as minister in his home country Spain.. EU institutions react

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A View from America: Tactical Unity, Strategic Divide spirit of . soon gave way to feelings of mutual frustration; it wasn’t long before articles in US journals began appearing with titles like ‘The case against Europe’, ‘Estranged partners’ and ‘Anti-Europeanism in America’, while European papers asked ‘Has the US lost its way? Does everybody hate Am

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Military Reforms: Closing the Capability Gapre that they are also targets. The 191 deaths from Islamic extremist-linked attacks in Madrid on 11 March 2004 demonstrated that all European states are at risk. The attacks in November 2003 on UK commercial and diplomatic facilities in Turkey reminded Europe that these threats are international in