Titlebook: Elements and Mineral Resources; Joaquim Sanz,Oriol Tomasa,Nor Sidki-Rius Textbook 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), un

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Aluminum (Al) [Z = 13]Despite its abundance, it was considered a rare and expensive metal until 1886, when Charles M. Hall of the United States and Paul L. T. Héroult of France independently discovered an inexpensive system for obtaining pure aluminum by electrolysis of its oxide (Al.O.).

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Antimony (Sb) [Z = 51]Gutenberg, the inventor of the printing press (1450), created his mobile type from an antimony and lead alloy, giving greater hardness to the lead and allowing it to be used multiple times in linotypes. At the same time, it permitted rapid melting in case of deterioration or the need for new fonts.

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Arsenic (As) [Z = 33]Obtained from arsenopyrite (iron arsenic sulfide), from nickel, cobalt, copper, and lead sulfides, as well as from realgar and orpiment, and from copper sulfides with gold.

bromide

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Cadmium (Cd) [Z = 48]A by-product of the extraction of zinc from zinc sulfides such as sphalerite.

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Calcium (Ca) [Z = 20]Stalactite and stalagmite formation in karst caves demonstrates the high of calcium carbonate content achieved over time by filtering water.