Titlebook: Eastern Europe Since 1945; Geoffrey Swain,Nigel Swain Textbook 1998Latest edition Geoffrey Swain and Nigel Swain 1998 chronology.communism

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Revolution in Eastern Europe,rian regimes: Poland was a ‘directed democracy’; Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and Yugoslavia were monarchical dictatorships; and Hungary was a monarchical dictatorship with a Regent rather than a King. As Hugh Seton-Watson, Britain’s leading inter-war authority on Eastern Europe, commented, the ‘stron

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An End to Diversity,Albania were further along the socialist road than Bulgaria, but that was largely because Bulgaria had been subject to Allied scrutiny. Romania and Poland had experienced revolutions at Soviet prompting, the Romanians responding with more enthusiasm to embarking on the road their Balkan fellows were

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1956: Communism Renewed?,states of Eastern Europe. With Khrushchev pressing the East European leaders to undo the injustices of the purge trials, and Tito urging them to adopt the Yugoslav system of workers’ councils, there were moments when it looked as if a very different style of communism might emerge.

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Reform Communism or Economic Reform,f economic reform and the beginnings of heterodoxy between the Warsaw Pact countries, as Stalinism was replaced by neo-Stalinism. Even as Khrushchev was promising a rosy future based on the superiority of the planned economy, serious doubts were being raised about how the planning mechanism should o

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Adapting to Capitalism: Consensus or Confrontation?,s became more rather than less pronounced. From the wreck of the socialist experiment which failed, Central Europe retained the element of social reform inherent in communism; the Balkans clung on to the element of authoritarianism, using nationalism rather than Marxism–Leninism as the ideology of i

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Conclusion,o-economic system which was successful in mobilising resources for post-war reconstruction and industrialisation in the absence of Marshall Aid, but which proved unequal to the task of creating sufficient wealth to sustain a multifaceted society with diffuse social, economic and political goals. It

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