书目名称 | Disorders of Movement | 副标题 | A Guide to Diagnosis | 编辑 | Davide Martino,Alberto J. Espay,Francesca Morgante | 视频video | http://file.papertrans.cn/282/281481/281481.mp4 | 概述 | Ideal aid to the differential diagnosis and management of movement disorders.Pays detailed attention to the phenomenology of the disorders.Numerous diagrams, algorithms, tables, summary boxes, and ill | 图书封面 |  | 描述 | This concise but comprehensive book will help interested readers in the health care professions to navigate their way through the jungle of movement disorders, including the potentially complex differential diagnosis and management. The different disorders are discussed in individual sections that explain how to examine the patient and recognize the disorder from its basic phenomenology, how to confirm a diagnosis, how to distinguish a particular disorder from related conditions, and how to treat each disorder effectively. The book makes liberal use of diagrams, algorithms, tables, summary boxes, and illustrations to facilitate solution of clinical problems at the bedside and to solidify previously learned clinical and therapeutic concepts. It will be of interest to a broad audience of health professionals, scientists, and medical students. | 出版日期 | Book 2016 | 关键词 | Neurological Disorders; Movement Disorders; Clinical and Therapeutical Concepts; Differential Diagnosis | 版次 | 1 | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48468-5 | isbn_softcover | 978-3-662-56925-2 | isbn_ebook | 978-3-662-48468-5 | copyright | Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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,Poverty and Slowness of Voluntary Movement, |
Davide Martino MD, PhD,Alberto J. Espay MD, MSc,Alfonso Fasano MD, PhD,Francesca Morgante MD, PhD |
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Abstract
Poverty and slowness of movement occur due to a reduction in speed, a reduction in amplitude, a breakdown in the rhythm or any combination thereof. These impairments have been subsumed under the rubric of ., if the poverty of movement affects predominantly speed; ., if the impairment of amplitude predominates; or ., if speed and amplitude are globally affected. Akinesia also refers to poverty of spontaneous movement and may technically be the ultimate expression of disorders affecting motility due to lesions in end effectors of movement such as the corticospinal tract (in which case they are associated with spasticity) or the lower motor system, which includes spinal motor neurons, muscles or neuromuscular junction (in which case they may be associated with flaccidity). Nevertheless, the term akinesia has most often been reserved for disorders associated with rigidity and therefore entails dysfunction within the basal ganglia or their connecting structures. With one major exception (the syndrome of . [i.e. without rigidity]), these .-. disorders have been subsumed under a syndrome, parkinsonism, and applied to the chronic and often progressive deterioration of speed, amplitude and/
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,Abnormalities of Muscle Tone, |
Davide Martino MD, PhD,Alberto J. Espay MD, MSc,Alfonso Fasano MD, PhD,Francesca Morgante MD, PhD |
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Abstract
Muscle tone refers to the resistance to passive stretching of a joint. The tone is abnormal either because of increased (hypertonia) or decreased (hypotonia, atonia) resistance to such manipulation. These tone abnormalities are common to several neurological diseases and may occur in combination with other motor disturbances such as weakness, dystonia, parkinsonism and neuromuscular diseases. Abnormalities of muscle tone might also be inferred from pathological conditions altering the mechanical properties of muscles or joints.
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,Unvoluntary Motor Behaviours, |
Davide Martino MD, PhD,Alberto J. Espay MD, MSc,Alfonso Fasano MD, PhD,Francesca Morgante MD, PhD |
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Abstract
This group of abnormal motor behaviours consists of a diverse spectrum of discrete, unwanted and potentially disabling motor routines, which exhibit two major common features: (1) may all be suppressed by volition or inhibited on demand to a varying extent and (2) may be preceded by an antecedent drive (e.g. a discomforting sensory experience, a psychic tension directed towards a reward, a disturbing or anxiogenic thought) and may at times be perceived by the subject as uncontrollable responses to this drive (stereotypies usually do not present this characteristic).
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,Lack of Organization or Coordination of Voluntary Muscle Activity, |
Davide Martino MD, PhD,Alberto J. Espay MD, MSc,Alfonso Fasano MD, PhD,Francesca Morgante MD, PhD |
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Abstract
Voluntary muscle activity may be disrupted by disturbances in the planning or execution of motor sequencing, ultimately expressing as clumsiness or inability to perform purposeful and coordinated skilled movements. Depending on the higher (planning and organization) or lower (coordination of the execution) level of central nervous system impairment, two main motor disturbances may emerge: apraxia and ataxia, respectively. Neurological examination usually allows the distinction between them and from other disorders of movements, such as dystonia, weakness or bradykinesia (with which they may coexist). This is especially relevant for apraxia, which requires—by definition—the absence of primary motor deficits (see below). Table 4.1 illustrates the main motor behaviours in this category and the main elements of clinical examination helping discriminate them.
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,Rhythmical Involuntary Movements (Tremor and Tremor-Like Conditions), |
Davide Martino MD, PhD,Alberto J. Espay MD, MSc,Alfonso Fasano MD, PhD,Francesca Morgante MD, PhD |
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Abstract
Tremor is the most common movement disorder and denotes a rhythmic involuntary movement of one or several regions of the body [1]. Many conditions might be characterized by a tremor and the related disabilities are as diverse as their clinical appearance, pathophysiology and etiologies. A low-amplitude, high-frequency physiologic action tremor can be instrumentally detected in all normal subjects (physiological tremor). Pathologic tremor mostly interferes with normal motor function and is visible to the naked eye.
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,Patterned or Repetitive Movements and/or Abnormal Posturing, |
Davide Martino MD, PhD,Alberto J. Espay MD, MSc,Alfonso Fasano MD, PhD,Francesca Morgante MD, PhD |
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Abstract
Patterned or repetitive movements and/or abnormal posturing are clinical features that can be encountered in a group of disorders of movement either originating from the central nervous system (e.g. dystonia, complex tics or stereotypies) or from the peripheral nervous system (e.g. neuromuscular diseases causing contractures and spasms [neuromyotonia] or difficulty in muscle relaxation [myotonic disorders]). Syndromes characterized by moving toes/moving fingers might also fall in the category of patterned repetitive movements, caused by a central or a peripheral mechanism. Once the disorder of movement is classified, the differential diagnosis includes a large list of genetic, acquired, idiopathic and functional (psychogenic) disorders. This category of involuntary movements often involves several muscle groups and might produce complex motor schemes; on the other hand, some of the related conditions, such as dystonia or peripheral muscle spasms, might appear to be an abnormality of posture. When approaching such movements, the following features should be searched for during clinical examination: effect of voluntary action in the affected body segment, change with distraction, occ
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,Rapid Intermittent Involuntary Movements, |
Davide Martino MD, PhD,Alberto J. Espay MD, MSc,Alfonso Fasano MD, PhD,Francesca Morgante MD, PhD |
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Abstract
Within the rubric of involuntary movements, we recognize two types, myoclonus and chorea, which should be distinguished from every other abnormal movement for being, by definition, very brief, non-rhythmical and variable for frequency and severity of presentation. Myoclonus and chorea are both characterized by a remarkably broad array of possible underlying aetiologies, and their diagnostic work-up is one of the most complex in the whole field of disorders of movement. Given this complexity, this section is divided in two separate parts, which provide a guide to the phenomenological recognition, differential diagnosis and treatment of myoclonus (Part A) and chorea (Part B).
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,Axial Disorders of Movement, |
Davide Martino MD, PhD,Alberto J. Espay MD, MSc,Alfonso Fasano MD, PhD,Francesca Morgante MD, PhD |
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Abstract
Communication disorders can have a great impact on quality of life, as they cause changes in self-identity, relationships, social and emotional disruptions as well as feelings of stigmatization; thus, these changes cause individuals to be vulnerable to social isolation [1]. In children, these can also lead to emotional and behavioural problems, which affect access to education and socialization.
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Back Matter |
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Abstract
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