Titlebook: Design of Observational Studies; Paul R. Rosenbaum Book 2020Latest edition Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Analysis.Causal inference.S

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Opportunities, Devices, and Instruments? This topic, which is the focus of Part III of the book, is sketched in informal terms in the current chapter. An opportunity is an unusual setting in which there is less confounding with unobserved covariates than occurs in common settings. One opportunity may be the base on which one or more natu

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A Matched Observational Studyional study as it might (and did) appear in a scientific journal. When reporting a matched observational study, the matching methods are described very briefly in the . section. In more detail, the . section presents tables or figures showing that the matching has been effective in balancing certain

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Various Practical Issues in Matchingtes are not balanced, then adjustments are made to bring them into balance. Three adjustments are near-exact matching, exact matching, and the use of small penalties. Exact matching has a special role in extremely large problems, where it can be used to accelerate computation. Matching when some cov

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Fine Balancee between treated and control subjects. It may be applied to: (1) a nominal variable with many levels that is difficult to balance using propensity scores, (2) a rare binary variable that is difficult to control using a distance, or (3) the interaction of several nominal variables. The fine balance

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Matching Without Groupsd experiments. One starts with a square, symmetric distance matrix with one row and one column for each subject recording the distance between any two subjects. Then the subjects are divided into pairs to minimize the total distance within pairs. The method may be used to match with doses of treatme

Intruder

Risk-Set Matchingid matching on events that were subsequent to treatment. This is done using risk-set matching, in which a newly treated subject at time . is matched to one or more controls who are not yet treated at time . based on covariate information describing subjects prior to time ..

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Matching in ,w matching is done, not on the many aspects of the design of an observational study. The process is made tangible by describing it in detail, step-by-step, closely inspecting intermediate results; however, essentially, three steps are illustrated: (1) creating a distance matrix, (2) adding a propens