Titlebook: Design of Observational Studies; Paul R. Rosenbaum Book 2020Latest edition Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Analysis.Causal inference.S

贞洁

GRIN

态学

dura-mater

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60300-6l outcomes, and varied doses of treatment. An instrument is a relatively haphazard nudge towards acceptance of treatment where the nudge itself can affect the outcome only if it prompts acceptance of the treatment. Although competing theories structure design, opportunities, devices, and instruments are ingredients from which designs are built.

cardiac-arrest

Causal Inference in Randomized Experiments for later chapters, much of the material in this chapter is quite old, dating from Sir Ronald Fisher’s work in the 1920s and 1930s, and it is likely to be familiar from other contexts, such as a course in the design of experiments.

jaundiced

Opportunities, Devices, and Instrumentsl outcomes, and varied doses of treatment. An instrument is a relatively haphazard nudge towards acceptance of treatment where the nudge itself can affect the outcome only if it prompts acceptance of the treatment. Although competing theories structure design, opportunities, devices, and instruments are ingredients from which designs are built.

Gerontology

Inveterate

Fine Balanceores, (2) a rare binary variable that is difficult to control using a distance, or (3) the interaction of several nominal variables. The fine balance constraint and the distance can emphasize different covariates. When fine balance is unobtainable, near-fine balance is the smallest possible deviation from fine balance.

hermitage

Matching Without Groups subjects. Then the subjects are divided into pairs to minimize the total distance within pairs. The method may be used to match with doses of treatment, or with multiple control groups, or as an aid to risk-set matching. An extended discussion of Card and Krueger’s study of the minimum wage is used to illustrate.

指数

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69121-1ity score caliper to the distance matrix, and (3) finding an optimal match. In practice, matching involves bookkeeping and efficient use of computer memory that are best handled by dedicated software for matching. Sect. 14.10 describes currently available software.