Titlebook: Coronary Vasomotion Abnormalities; Hiroaki Shimokawa Book 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction.

Esophagus

Treatment of Coronary Artery Spasmrome and sudden cardiac death in Asia and Western countries. In the era of widespread utilization of drug-eluting stents (DES) in the field of coronary intervention, it is important to realize the fact that patients still have unremitting angina symptoms even after resolving organic coronary stenosi

MOTTO

Epidemiology of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunctionrdiovascular disease. Several invasive and non-invasive assessments are available for a comprehensive evaluation of the underlying microvascular abnormalities (e.g. coronary flow velocity reserve (CFR) via transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or positron emissio

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Pathophysiology of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunctionbe heterogeneous, including several structural and functional alterations. Among them, central to coronary vasomotion abnormalities are threefold: enhanced coronary vasoconstrictive reactivity (i.e. coronary spasm) at epicardial and microvascular levels, reduced endothelium-dependent and -independen

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Treatment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunctionadverse cardiac events. Nevertheless, the management of CMD represents a major unmet need because the lack of large, randomized studies makes it difficult to generate evidence-based recommendations. Recently, it was demonstrated that stratified medical therapy guided by an interventional diagnostic

Substitution

H. Paul Ehrlich,Kurtis E. Moyereactive protein, and remnant lipoprotein are significant risk factors for coronary spasm. Recently, the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association (JCSA) demonstrated that, in the temporary VSA patients, overall 5-year survival rate free from all-cause death or major adverse cardiac events was 98% and 91%,

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Neural Repair with Pluripotent Stem Cellsasudil, a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor, have been demonstrated for the treatment of several cardiovascular diseases in animals and humans. Thus, the Rho-kinase pathway is an important new therapeutic target in vasospasm and other cardiovascular diseases.

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The 4-cusp Approach to Cancer Careof future cardiovascular events in patients with VSA. Ample clinical evidence has been accumulated for elucidating the detailed mechanisms of coronary artery spasm in vivo. In this chapter, we will summarize recent advances in diagnostic methodology of coronary artery spasm.

Instrumental

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