Titlebook: Core Techniques of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery; Yong Ahn,Jin-Kyu Park,Chun-Kun Park Book 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The A

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The Pythagorean Theorem and Square Roots,urgery. These techniques can treat patients with minor complications and have faster recovery times. However, muscle-sparing or bypassing access techniques have some technical hurdles and risks unique to novel approaches, including small surgical exposure, restricted working corridors, and limited s

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Using Differentiation and Integration,mbar spinal diseases. Now, its indication has been widened to stenotic pathologies combined with bony degeneration to produce foraminal and canal stenosis in lumbothoracic area. Favorable clinical results of endoscopic decompression for thoracolumbar stenotic disease were proved by several authors.

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The panel clustering method in 3-d bem,ive bleeding, and rapid postoperative recovery. The full endoscopic posterior cervical approach has been developed to treat cervical radiculopathy caused by foraminal stenosis or foraminal disc herniation using advanced techniques for preserving the facet joint with its capsule. Furthermore, advance

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Frank C. Hoppensteadt,Eugene M. Izhikevich, surgical treatment of thoracic disc herniation is challenging. Transforaminal access offers a safe surgical corridor into the thoracic spinal canal. Under local anesthesia, direct discectomy with endoscopic visualization through a transforaminal approach is an effective treatment method for the se