Titlebook: Invertebrate Immune Responses; Lee A. Bulla,Thomas C. Cheng Book 1977 Springer Science+Business Media New York 1977 Crustacea.animals.inse

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Immune Responses in the Earthworm, , (Annelida), Against , (Nematoda),s and other debris that occurred in the worm’s coelom. It was clear that the “brown bodies” constituted an immune response on the part of the worm which is probably typical for oligochaete annelids. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the ultrastructure of the “brown bodies” of . containing ..

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,Insect Host Responses Against Parasitoids and the Parasitoid’s Resistance: With Emphasis on the Lepout (Nappi, 1975; Whitcomb ., 1974; Salt, 1970), the major factors responsible for the immune response of vertebrates, notably the antigen-antibody complementary system and antigenic memory, appear to be lacking in insects.

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Biochemistry and Physiology of Invertebrate Macrophages ,, the major means of nutrient ingestion. At all phylogenetic levels, phagocytic cells seem to be capable of distinguishing between self and not self. In higher forms the predominant physiological role of phagocytosis has to do with cellular defense mechanisms. In many organisms both circulating and f

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拾落穗

Immune Responses in the Earthworm, , (Annelida), Against , (Nematoda),arthworm, ., Poinar and Thomas (1976) noted that most nematodes occurred in the bladders and tubules of the metanephridia. However, those that entered the coelom were promptly encapsulated and incorporated into “brown bodies.” These “brown bodies” not only contained nematodes but also protozoan cyst

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动脉

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Hemocytes and Phagocytosis in the American Lobster, ,,particle to the surface of phagocytes is usually mediated by opsonins which, in the vertebrates, are immunoglobulins. The particle is then taken into the phagocyte where it is usually digested following fusion of the phagosome and lysosomes. In the invertebrates, a similar series of events takes pla

Anguish

Cellular Responses in Decapod Crustaceans to , spp. (Spirurida: Nematoda),onses (Poinar and Kuris, 1975; Uzmann, 1967). As in spirurid parasites of insects, this response is an attempt by the crustacean to wall off the parasite. Although the nematode may be surrounded by host tissue, the response generally has little overall effect since spirurids can reach the infective

evasive

Comparative Ultrastructural Studies of Cellular Immune Reactions and Tumorigenesis in ,,alt, 1963, 1970; Poinar, 1969, 1974; Whitcomb ., 1974; Nappi, 1974, 1975a). Encapsulation reactions are typically characterized by the aggregation and adhesion of hemocytes forming multilayered capsules which melanize around foreign surfaces too large to be engulfed by a single host cell. Although m