Titlebook: Coal-burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis; Pathophysiology and Zhi-Zhong Guan Book 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 Epidemiology.

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Damage in Nervous Systemlso damage the nervous system development, showing growth retardation and mental retardation. In order to understand the mechanism of nerve damage caused by fluoride, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neurotransmitter receptor function, and epigenetics have been under scrutiny, which also provided experi

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Modification of Urinary Systemof renal tubular reabsorption, the dysfunction of renal excretion, etc. Severe chronic fluorosis can cause a significant change of the epithelial cell cycle of renal tubules, the elevated level of oxidative stress, the excessive alteration of autophagy, and even apoptosis.

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Enhanced Oxidative Stresss mitochondria, thereby producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species. This enhanced oxidative stress damages cells and leads to apoptosis, which, of course, impairs the functioning of tissues and organs. Importantly, antioxidant compounds and similar substances used to treat chronic fluorosis

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High Level of Inflammationf inflammation in the pathogenesis of endemic fluorosis. Therefore, this section outlines the pathological role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of endemic fluorosis and focuses on the effects of inflammation on organs/systems (such as kidney, thyroid, cardiovascular, brain, and reproductive syst

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Epidemic Status of Coal-burning Type of Endemic Fluorosise bones and teeth, which are rich in calcium and phosphorus. Fluoride integrates with hydroxyapatite and then forms fluorapatite, which can enhance the mechanical strength of bones and play a partial role in resistance to tooth decay. In natural conditions, the excessive intake of fluoride by drinki

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Skeletal Fluorosis the abnormal bone turnover plays an important role in the underlying mechanism of skeletal fluorosis, manifesting as the dynamic imbalance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, as well as the abnormal changes of cytokines and multiple signal transduction pathways. In bone metabolism, a

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Medical Imaging Manifestation of Skeletal Fluorosisrosis and dental fluorosis as the major manifestations, skeletal fluorosis is the key symptom of the disease. Medical imaging results of skeletal fluorosis caused by these three types show similar manifestations: changes in sclerotin density, peripheral osseous ligament, tendon, periosteum, and join