Titlebook: Clinical Foundations of Musculoskeletal Medicine; A Manual for Medical Robert J. Esther Textbook 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 F

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Rheumatoid Arthritis is a heterogeneous disease with a variable clinical course and outcome. The arthritis is typically symmetrical, involves the hands and feet, and may progress to involve numerous other larger joints in time. If untreated or inadequately treated, RA can cause erosion of cartilage and bone which leads

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Osteoarthritis defined clinically, radiographically, and/or symptomatically. It is now recognized that OA is not simply a disease of aging and cartilage degeneration but is a complex disorder affecting all joint tissues. OA risk is influenced not only by age but also sex, race/ethnicity, genetic factors, body wei

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Systemic Lupus Erythematosusresentation, and disease manifestations often evolve over time. It is more common in women, specifically in women of childbearing age (female-to-male ratio 9:1). In the pediatric populations, the ratio is 2–6:1 and in the elderly 3–8:1, female-to-male. SLE can be seen in all ethnic groups. In the Un

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Crystalline Arthropathyon crystalline diseases in clinical practice are gout and pseudogout (CPPD disease). Gout is characterized by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joint and often high serum uric acid levels. Pseudogout is characterized by calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals and sometimes can be secon

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Microbes in Bone and Joint Infectionshritis is a medical emergency due to its rapidly destructive nature. Prosthetic joint infections are caused by bacteria and affect about 1–2% of prosthetic joints. Arthrocentesis with synovial fluid analysis is the main way of diagnosis of joint infections. Therapy of native septic arthritis consist

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Principles of Musculoskeletal Infectionsclinical course, and complications. Upon completion of this unit, the learner should be able to describe, list, or identify the routes of infection of bones and joints, cellular responses to infection, differences between pediatric and adult populations with regard to musculoskeletal infections, pat

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