Titlebook: Clay Sedimentology; Hervé Chamley Textbook 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989 Ocean.Sediment.Sedimentation.diagenesis.lacustrine.

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Lacustrine Clay Sedimentationis especially the case of freshwater sediments, that commonly include numerous nonclay and clay silicates, various carbonates, Fe-Mn oxides, phosphates, sulfides, and fluorides (see Jones and Bowser’s review, 1978). Mite and smectite constitute the dominant species, and are as frequently encountered

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Estuaries and Deltasthe chemically more concentrated marine environment. The surface negative charge, determined by layer discontinuities and sheet substitutions (Chap. 1), is more or less balanced by hydrated cations, and is subject to increasing ionic strength in passing from freshwater to sea water (e.g., Aston 1978

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Clay Sorting and Settling in the Oceann are rarely totally absent from these environmeents (e.g., Griffin 1963, Stone and Siegel 1969). Except on muddy tidal flats and in some coastal depressions, clay particles are usually swept away, which was enhanced in late Quaternary periods by hydrodynamic variations linked to sea-level changes.

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Alkaline, Evaporative Environmentons, and basins (4.4.1; Chaps. 5, 8). Only few, sometimes questionable examples of in-situ clay formation are reported in modern nonvolcanic saline lakes and deltaic areas (4.4.2, 5.3.4), and no apparently convincing cases arise from studies on recent evaporative marine environments.

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Organic Environmentus sediments, and the dependence of ichnofacies on different types of sedimentary substrates have been especially investigated for consolidated deposits. For instance, O’Brien (1987) considers the macrofabric (X-radio-graphy) and microfabric (scanning electronmicroscopy) of 50 samples of shales from

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Metalliferous Clay in Deep Seal accumulations. .. Such a formation occurs in .. Hydrogenous authigenic materials mostly form through inorganic reactions, although biological factors, especially those related to bacterial activity, may play a significant role in the formation of metallic minerals (e.g., Ehrlich 1981, Karlin et al