Titlebook: Civilization and the Making of the State in Lebanon and Syria; Andrew Delatolla Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s),

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978-3-030-57692-9The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerl

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Middle East Todayhttp://image.papertrans.cn/c/image/226942.jpg

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Race, Religion, and Civilization in Programs of Governance and Modernization,tions and alliances with the Christian Orthodox communities. The development of racial hierarchies based on assumptions of ethno-sectarianism contributed to the development of political contestation related to European alliances with, primarily, Christian communities. The notion of racial difference

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Territory, Identity, and Governance: Creating Order from Disorder,odernize land tenure throughout the Ottoman Empire, bringing the Empire into closer alignment with European states, and facilitating the development of governance through territorial organization. Noted in this chapter is how this reform skewed domestic relations by providing political and economic

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Nationalism as Resistance: Acquiescing to European Identifiers,ence and intervention, they managed to make social and political inroads. In particular, they were foundational for the development of the Young Turk movement and the emergence of Syrian and Arab nationalists. However, while the Young Turks, and Syrian and Arab nationalists were attempting to resist

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indoctrinate