Titlebook: Civilization and the Making of the State in Lebanon and Syria; Andrew Delatolla Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s),

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The Standards of Civilization and the Production of Statehood,international relations, and development studies. It argues that the state, as it is defined, framed, and conceptualized in universal terms, exists as a standard of civilization. This chapter further contends that the conceptualization of statehood emerges from a particular European history that pro

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Equality as a Standard of Civilization: The Opposition Towards Ottoman Tolerance,here equality was seen as necessary in relation to the modern state, particularly with regard to state–society relations and the development of citizenship; tolerance was perceived as a customary foundation of governance that inhibited the central authority of the state. The inability to apply refor

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Territory, Identity, and Governance: Creating Order from Disorder,s in the nineteenth century, there was a changing dynamic between territory, identity, and governance. In the first instance, discussed in this chapter, is the territorialization of Mount Lebanon with the policy of split authority and governance between the Maronite and Druze communities. This alter

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Violent Resistance: Interactions with Modernity and European Interference,ns in the Syrian provinces. This was particularly due to the enforcement of the principle of equality, the process of racialization, sectarian alliance formation, and the application of modernization reforms. Discussed in this chapter is how this discontent led to violent forms of resistance; partic

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Preventing Autonomy: European Interests and the Application of a Standard of Civilization,f material and immaterial benchmarks. As such, the populations were required to accede to a set of socio-political norms as well as apply modernization reforms that replicated the institutions and structures of statehood in Europe. However, and as discussed in this chapter, the standard of civilizat

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Civilization and the Making of the State in Lebanon and Syria978-3-030-57690-5Series ISSN 2945-7017 Series E-ISSN 2945-7025