Titlebook: Cities as International Actors; Urban and Regional G Tassilo Herrschel,Peter Newman Book 2017 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(

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Cities and Internationality in North America and Beyond,na. The particular characteristics of multi-level governance in the European Union, including an explicit support for both sub-national political entities and trans-border relations as part of the integration agenda, have had a major impact on encouraging cities and regions to become international a

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Conclusions: Towards Closing the Conceptual Gap?,pment that has been driven by the pressures of globalisation. Following more than three decades of continuing discourse of globalisation as guarantor of economic growth, the dominant narrative of neo-liberalism and a belief in increasing the efficacy of government through adopting private sector-sty

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Individual Initiatives by Cities in Europe,and seek to utilise EU funding and administrative regimes to boost, and lobby for, their own interests outside national institutional straitjackets. This has taken two main avenues: (1) bilateral, at times, multi-lateral, action by cities, such as through ‘town twinning’, and (2) cities establishing

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Conclusions: Towards Closing the Conceptual Gap?,r position to become international actors than smaller, peripheral towns or struggling post-industrial cities. In addition, available instruments and established political cultures and milieux also matter. What all sub-national actors share is the growing willingness—out of conviction in the case of