Titlebook: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; P. M. A. Calverley (Consultant Physician, Senior F Book 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordre

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Emilie Morwenna Whitaker,Paul Atkinsonmitation having higher numbers than the smokers without airflow limitation [3]. Moreover, macrophages of smoking patients with COPD show a higher activation level. Cigarettes may therefore be regarded as inflammatory agents.

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Lung Mechanics,iratory failure, defined as a significant deterioration of oxygenation from the chronic, stable state. A fuller account and bibliography of work on the first two stages up to 1985 is published elsewhere [1].

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Pulmonary Gas Exchange,rapulmonary determinants of respiratory blood gases include the fractional concentration of O. in the inspired gas, the hemodynamic status (cardiac output), and the metabolic demands (O. consumption) of the body.

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Pulmonary Circulation, Cardiac Function and Fluid Balance,ypertension in COPD and its influence on right ventricular function. The controversial areas of so-called ‘cor pulmonale’, ‘right heart failure’, the syndrome of fluid retention and therapy for pulmonary vascular disease in patients with hypoxic COPD will also be discussed.

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Corticosteroid Treatment,mitation having higher numbers than the smokers without airflow limitation [3]. Moreover, macrophages of smoking patients with COPD show a higher activation level. Cigarettes may therefore be regarded as inflammatory agents.

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Respiratory Muscles,ion of the chest and abdomen, on pulmonary gas exchange and the symptom of dyspnea. The importance of abnormalities of muscle function in patients with COPD has been appreciated increasingly over the last 20 years as a result of many studies in all these areas.

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Acute Respiratory Failure,to a wide variety of insults. Thus, a bronchial infection which would have only minor effects in a healthy individual can tip the COPD patient into frank respiratory failure. In this chapter we will review the clinical presentation and treatment of acute respiratory failure in patients with COPD.

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On the Rationality of the Economic Actors, affect other cell types. This chapter discusses the molecular, biochemical and clinical pharmacology of bronchodilators currently used in the treatment of COPD and also describes some novel bronchodilators under development.